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DUMBARTON—DUMBARTONSHIRE

duced in 1895 by Mr Beerbolim Tree, at the Hay market, with immense popular success. Some striking examples of Du Maurier’s work for Once a Week and the Cornhill Magazine are included in Gleeson White’s English Illustrators of the Sixties. The following is a list of the chief works which he illustrated : Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, 1865 ; Mrs Gaskell’s Wives and Daughters, 1866 ; Jerrold’s Story of a Feather, 1867 ; Owen Meredith’s Lucile, 1868 ; The Book of Drawing-room Plays, by H. Dalton, 1868 ; Sooner or Later, by C A G Brooke, 1868 ; Thackeray’s Esmond, 1869 and 1879, and Ballads, 1879 ; Misunderstood, by Florence Montgomery, 1874 ; Bound about the Islands, by C. W. Scott, 1874 ; Hurloek Chase, by G. E. Sargent, 1876 ; Songs of many Seasons, by J. Browne (in collaboration), 1876 ; Pegasus Rc-saddlcd, by H. C. Pennell, 1877 ; Digoldsby Legends (in collaboration), by K.. Barham 1877 ; Prudence, by L. C. Lillie, 1882 ; As in a Lookingglass, by F. 0. Phillips, 1889 ; Luke Ashlcigh, by A. Elwes, 1891 ; and his own three novels, which appeared serially in Harper's Magazine: Peter Ibbetson, 1892 ; Trilby, 1894 ; The Martian, 1897, and published after his death. In 1897 also there was published, under the title English Society, with an introduction by W. D. Howells, a collection of full-page drawings which he had contributed regularly to Harpers Magazine. . Some of his Punch drawings have been reproduced also m The Collections of Mr Punch, 1880 ; Society Pictures from Punch, 1890 ; A Legend of Camelot, 1890. To his Social Pictorial Satire (1890) reference has been made. He contributed two essays upon book illustration to the Magazine of Art, 1890. See also the Magazine of Art for 1892, for an article upon his work by W. Delaplaine Scull, with illustrations. Other volumes containing information about his life and work are : The History of Punch, by M. H. Spielmann ; In Bohemia with Du Maurier, by Felix Mosclieles ; Henry James’s “Du Maurier and London Society,” Century Magazine, 1883 ; and “Du Maurier,” Harper's Magazine, September 1897, June 1899. See also Ruskin’s Art of England Lecture 5, Pennell’s Pen-Drawing and Pen-Draughtsmen, and Muther’s Modern Painting, vol. ii. (f. W. W.) Dumbarton, a seaport, royal and parliamentary burgh (Kilmarnock group), and the county town of Dumbartonshire, on the river Leven near its confluence with the Clyde, 16 miles west by north of Glasgow by rail. A large park, Levengrove, was presented in 1885, and there is a public common and recreation ground. The burgh hall and academy were restored after a fire in 1883. There are two cottage hospitals and a philosophical and literary institute, whilst recent erections are a Congregational church, a Denny Memorial Institute, new county buildings, new municipal buildings, and a combination hospital for infectious diseases. There are two large, shipbuilding yards, and numerous industries connected with shipbuilding. The output was 37,734 tons in 1889, and 52,623 tons in 1899 ; and in the latter year a marine engineering work turned out 16 sets of marine engines, aggregating 35,700 i.h.p. Only a few married artillerymen now •occupy the ancient castle. There is an academy under the School Board. Population of parliamentary burgh (1881), 13,782; (1901), 19,864. Dumbartonshire, a western county of Scotland, bounded S. by the Clyde river and firth, E. by Stirlingshire and Lanarkshire, N. by Perthshire, and W. by Loch Long and Argyllshire. Area and Population. — The Stirling part of the parish of Hew Kilpatrick, including the town of Milngavie, was transferred to Dumbartonshire in 1891. According to the latest official estimate, the area of the county (foreshore excluded) is 170,762 acres or 267 square miles. The population was in 1881, 75,333 ; in 189l' 94 495 ’ in 1891, on the above area, 98,014, of whom 46,683 were’males and 49,331 females ; in 1901, 113,870. On the old area, taking land only (154,542 acres, or 241-5 square miles), the number of persons to the square mile in 1891 was 383, and the number of acres to the person 1 -6. In the registration county the population increased between 1881 and 1891 by 25’4 per cent Between 1881 and 1891 the excess of births over deaths was 13,252, and the increase of the resident population 19 832. The following table gives particulars of births, deaths, and marriages in 1880, 1890, and 1899:—

Year.

Deaths.

Marriages.

Births.

1880 1890 1899

1500 1883 1872

475 583 676

2513 3065 3511

Percentage of Illegitimate. 5.0 4-50 3-4

The birth-rate is above, the death-rate and marriage-rate are both below, the rates for Scotland. The following table gives the birth-rate, death-rate, and marriage-rate per thousand of the population for a series of years :— I860. 1881-90. 1890. 1891-98. 1899. 32-73 33-02 31-79 30-93 29-84 Birth-rate. 19-54 17-98 19-53 17-29 15-90 Death-rate. 6-19 5-91 6-04 5-46 5’74 Marriage-rate At the census of 1891 there were 3618 persons in Dumbartonshire who spoke Gaelic, and of these 37 spoke Gaelic only ; and there were 74 foreigners. Valuation in 1889-90, £459,141 ; in 1899-1900, £685,389. Administration.—The county returns a member to Parliament. Dumbarton (19,864), the county town, is the only royal burgh, and belongs to the Kilmarnock group of parliamentary burghs. The county contains among its police burghs Helensburgh (8554), Kirkintilloch (10,502), and Clydebank (l8,654), and considerable manufacturing towns are Alexandria (8392) and Renton (5227). There are 12 civil parishes, most of which belong to the Dumbarton combination, with a poorhouse at the county town. The number of paupers and dependants in September 1899 wTas 2155. Dumbarton forms a sheriffdom with Stirling and Clackmannan, and there is a resident sheriff-substitute at Dumbarton, who sits also at Kirkintilloch. Education.—Fourteen school boards manage 47 schools, which had an average attendance of 16,100 in 1899-1900 ; while 9 voluntary schools, of which 7 are Roman Catholic and 1 Episcopal, had 2956. The whole of the county “residue” grant and a trifling proportion of that accruing to the burghs is spent in subsidizing science, art, and technical classes (including building and mechanical construction), in supporting agricultural lectures, and in paying the fees and travelling expenses of county students at the Glasgow Technical College. Agriculture.—The percentage of cultivated area in 1898 was 30-2. In 1895 there were 8772 acres under wood. Of the 667 holdings in 1895, the date of the latest return, the average size was 76 acres. The percentage under 5 acres was 15"89, between 5 and 50 acres 35-08, and over 50 acres 49-03. The number of farms between 50 and 100 acres w-as 117 ; between 100 and 300, 198 ; and there were only 12 over 300. The proximity of the county to Glasgow encourages high farming. Dairying is carried on on a considerable scale. Highland cattle are bred on the upland farms. The following table gives the principal acreages at intervals of fire years from 1880 :— PermaGreen under Com nent Fallow. Year. Area Crops. Crops. Clover. Pasture. Crops. 98 1880 46,432 10,037 5000 13,010 18,269 9,313 4249 15,482 18,113 148 1885 47,305 8,226 3994 18,341 17,632 114 1890 48,367 8,221 4050 14,822 23,522 127 1895 50,813 67 8,284 4164 16,416 22,432 1899 51,426 The following table gives particulars of the live stock during the same years:— Cows or Total Total Heifers in Sheep. Pigs. Year. Horses. Cattle. Milk or Calf. 697 73,596 6676 1880 1865 12,538 953 70,735 7491 1885 1730 14,112 73,946 1083 7601 1890 1745 14,990 75,032 1837 8203 1895 2072 14,676 76,287 1339 8660 1899 1845 15,384 In 1891, 2491 men and 398 women were returned as being engaged in agriculture. _ Industries and TVaefe.—Turkey-red dying is now the most u tinctive industry ; indeed, the Vale of Leven is the headquar of this industry in Scotland. Clydebank (q.v.) has become. important shipbuilding and engineering centre. Among other dustries of the county now of importance, noticed under d barton, Kirkintilloch, Alexandria, Duntocher, &c., are distillmg, the manufacture of chemicals, paper-making, and muslin-weavi g339,559 tons of coal were raised in 1890, valued at Lieo ' 511,199 tons, valued at £208,740, in 1899. Of ironstone, 10/,/o/