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DUFAURE —DUFFY

frequently visit another, in order to be able to fight out their battles under less rigorous surveillance. (p. a. a.) Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881), French statesman, was born at Saujon (Charente-Inferieure) on 4th December 1798. He was called to the Bar at Bordeaux, where he won a great reputation by his oratorical gifts, but soon abandoned law for politics, and in 1834 was elected deputy. Two years later he was made Conseiller d’fitat by Thiers, but did not hold his office long. In 1839 he became Minister of Public Works in the Soult Ministry, and succeeded in freeing railway construction in France from the obstacles which till then had hampered it. Losing office in 1840, Dufaure became one of the leaders of the Opposition, and on the outbreak of the Revolution of 1848 frankly accepted the Republic, of which he remained throughout his life a foremost champion. On 13th October he became Minister of the Interior under Cavaignac, but retired on the latter’s defeat in the Presidential election. During the Second Empire, Dufaure abstained from public life, and practised at the Paris bar with such success that he was elected bdtonnier in 1862. In 1863 he succeeded to Pasquier’s seat in the French Academy. In 1871 he became a member of the Assembly, and it was on his motion that Thiers was elected President of the Republic. Dufaure received the Ministry of Justice, his tenure of which was distinguished by the passage of the jury-law. In 1873 he fell from office with Thiers, but in 1875 resumed his former post under Buffet, whom he succeeded on 9th March 1876 as President of the ■Council. In the same year he was elected a life senator. On 12th December he was defeated on the question of an amnesty for the Communists, but returned to power on 24th December 1877. Early in 1879 Dufaure took part in compelling the resignation of Marshal MacMahon, but immediately afterwards (1st February), worn out by factious opposition, himself laid down office. He died in Paris on 28th June 1881. (r. g.) Duffer in and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquis of (1826-1902), British diplomatist, son of the 4th Baron Dufferin, whom he succeeded in 1841, was born 21st June 1826, his mother, Helen Selina, being a granddaughter of Richard Brinsley Sheridan. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, and then devoted himself to his Irish estates at Clandeboye, near Belfast. He assisted in combating the Irish famine of 1846-47, and published an account of his experiences. As an Irish landlord he was generous and sympathetic, and in 1855 already advocated compensation for disturbance and for tenants’ improvements; but while advocating reform, he insisted upon qualifying it by considerations of justice to the landowners. He quickly became a persona grata in Society and at Court; was a lord-in-waiting in 1849-50 (being created a peer of the United Kingdom in the latter year), and again in 1854-55, and was attached in 1855 to Lord John Russell’s special mission to Vienna. In 1856 he made a voyage to Iceland, which he described with much humour and graphic power in his successful book, Letters from High Latitudes, a volume which made his reputation as a writer, though his only other purely literary publication was his memorial edition (1894) of his mother’s Poems and Verses. Lord John Russell showed his recognition of Lord Dufferin’s talents as a diplomatist by sending him in 1860 as British special commissioner in the Lebanon (Syria), where the massacres of Christians by the Mussulmans and Druses had precipitated a serious situation, which was complicated by the possibility of a French , occupation. He did his work so successfully in carrying a scheme of reform that the trouble was permanently

removed, and he was made a K.C.B. In 1862 he married Hariott, daughter of Captain Rowan Hamilton, of Killyleagh Castle, Down. In 1863 he was made a K.P.; and after holding the under-secretaryships for India (1864) and of war (1866), and the office of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1868-1872), he was in 1872 appointed Governor - General of Canada. In 1871 he had been created Earl of Dufferin. In Canada his tact and personal charm were invaluable. He had already become known as a powerful and graceful speaker, and this quality was brilliantly displayed in dealing with the different Canadian nationalities, while his strictly constitutional methods enabled him to settle satisfactorily many of the problems of the new Federation. On his return he became successively ambassador at St Petersburg (1879) and at Constantinople (1881). From October 1882 to April 1883 he was employed as special British commissioner in Egypt, to clear matters up after Arabi’s rebellion; but his Report, though its ability as a State paper was unimpeachable, hardly grasped the real problems of the subsequent reconstruction. In 1884 he was appointed Viceroy of India, and spent there four busy years, largely employed in restoring the equilibrium which had been upset by Lord Ripon’s zeal for reform. The chief event of his administration was the annexation of Burma, which procured him the title of Marquis of Dufferin and Ava (1888); but Lady Dufferin’s work on behalf of the better medical treatment of native women must also be mentioned. In 1888 he was sent as ambassador to Rome, and in 1891 to Paris, where he remained till 1896. He then retired from the public service to his Irish home. Lord Dufferin was one of the most admired men of his time. A man of well-nigh universal accomplishments, his special gift was a genius for diplomacy, his courteous and winning manner and great felicity in verbal expression being exceptionally marked. His last years were shadowed by the death of his eldest son, Lord Ava, at Ladysmith in 1899, and by financial troubles. He had become chairman of the “ London and Globe Finance Corporation,” which was entirely in the hands of the managing director, Mr Whitaker Wright; and when, after several warnings, the methods employed led to financial collapse, it was a matter of deep regret that Lord Dufferin should have been connected with such a business. He died on 12th February 1902, while the affairs of the company were still under investigation. (h. ch.) Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan (1816 ), Irish and colonial politician, was born in Monaghan, Ireland, on 12th April 1816. At an early age he became connected with the press, and was one of the founders of the Dublin Nation in 1842. The new journal was remarkable for its talent, for its seditious tendencies, and for the fire and spirit of its political poetry. In 1844 Duffy was included in the same indictment with O’Connell, and shared his conviction in Dublin and his acquittal by the House of Lords upon a point of law. His ideas, nevertheless, were too revolutionary for O’Connell; a schism took place in 1846, and Duffy united himself to the “Young Ireland” party. He was tried for treason-felony in 1848, but the jury were unable to agree. Duffy continued to agitate in the press and in Parliament, to which he was elected in 1852, but his failure to bring about an alliance between Catholics and Protestants upon the land question determined him in 1856 to emigrate to Victoria. There he became in 1857 Minister of Public Works, and after an active political career, in the course of which he was Prime Minister from 1871 to 1873, when he was knighted, he was elected Speaker of the House of Assembly in 1877, being made K.C.M.G. in the same year. In 1880 he resigned and returned to Europe, residing mostly in the south of France. He has published The Ballad Poetry of Ireland (1845),