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DRUMMOND —DUBLIN Dublin, a maritime county of Ireland, province of year under the title The Policy of Denmark towards the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein. The work was one of Leinster, bounded on the N. by Meath, on the E. by the great political importance, and had much to do with the Irish Sea, on the W. by Kildare and Meath, and on the S. by formation of public opinion on the rights of the Duchies Wicklow. The area of the administrative county in 1900 in their struggle with Denmark. After 1&51 it was im- was 226,686 acres, of which 68,913 were tillage, 122,373 possible for him to remain at Kiel, and he was appointed pasture, 502 fallow, 3986 plantation, 1194 marsh, 55 turf to a professorship at Jena ; in 1859 he was called to Berlin, bog, 13,305 barren mountain, and 16,358 water, roads, where he remained till his death in 1884. In his later fences, &c. The new administrative county under the Local years he was almost entirely occupied with Prussian history. Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, does not include the In 1851 he brought out a life of Count Yorck v. Warten- portion of the township of Bray formerly situated in Dublin. berg, one of the best biographies in the German language, The population in 1881 was 418,910, and in 1891, 419,216, and then began his great work on the History of Prussian of whom 197,409 were males and 221,807 females, Policy, Berlin, 1855-86. Seven volumes were published, divided as follows among the different religions: Roman the last not till after his death. It forms a complete history Catholics, 322,822; Protestant Episcopalians, 77,896; of the growth of the Prussian monarchy down to the year Presbyterians, 7724; Methodists, 4129; and other de1756. This, like all Droysen’s work, shows a strongly nominations, 6645. The increase of population between marked individuality, and a great power of tracing the 1881 and 1891 was '07. The average number of persons manner in which important dynamic forces worked them- to an acre (including the city of Dublin) was 1 '85, being selves out in history. This quality also gave him great by far the largest number of any county in Ireland. Of influence as a teacher. Droysen was twice married; his the total population, 66,675 persons inhabited the rural eldest son, Gustav, is the author of several well-known districts, being an average of 241 persons to each square historical works, namely, Life of Gustavus Adolphus mile under crops and pasture. The population in 1901 (Leipzig, 1869-70); Life of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, was 447,266 (Roman Catholics, 348,701 ; Protestant EpisLondon, 1885; a History of the Thirty Years' War in copalians, 78,921; Presbyterians, 7538; Methodists, 4464; Oncken’s Universal History; and an admirable Historical others, 7642), being an increase of 7'3 per cent. The Atlas. Another son, Hans Droysen, is the author of some following table gives the number of births, deaths, and marriages in various years :— works on Greek history and antiquities. (j. w. he.) Drummond, Henry (1851-1897), Scottish evangelical writer and lecturer, was born in Stirling on 17th August 1851. He was educated at Edinburgh University, where he displayed a strong inclination for physical and mathematical science. The religious element was an even more powerful factor in his nature, and disposed him to enter the Free Church of Scotland. While preparing for the ministry, he was for a time carried away by the evangelizing mission of Messrs Moody and Sankey, in which he actively cooperated for two years. In 1875 he became Lecturer on Natural Science in the Free Church College, which enabled him to combine all the pursuits for which he felt a vocation. His studies resulted in a book whose title expressed the mediating position he was called upon to occupy, Natwral Law in the Spiritual World. As it was about to issue from the press (1883), a sudden invitation from the African Lakes Company drew him away to Central Africa. Upon his return in the following year he found himself famous. Large bodies of serious readers, alike among the religious and the scientific classes, discovered in Natural Law the common standing - ground which they needed; and the universality of the demand proved, if nothing more, the seasonableness of its publication. Drummond continued to be actively interested in missionary and other movements among the Free Church students. In 1888 he published Tropical Africa, a valuable digest of information. In 1890 he travelled in Australia, and in 1893 delivered the Lowell Lectures at Boston. It had been his intention to reserve them for mature revision, but an attempted piracy compelled him to hasten their publication, and they appeared in 1894 under the title of The Ascent of Man. Their object was to vindicate for altruism or the disinterested care and compassion of animals for each other, an important part in effecting “ the survival of the fittest,” a thesis previously maintained by Professor Fiske. Drummond’s health failed shortly afterwards, and he died on 11th March 1897. His character was full of charm. His writings are too nicely adapted to the needs of his own day to justify the expectation that they will long survive it, but few men have exercised more influence upon certain circles in their own generation. (n. g.)

In 1899 the birth-rate per 1000 was 28,9, and the deathrate 28’3 ; the rate of illegitimacy was 2'7 per cent, of the total births. The total number of emigrants who left the county between 1st May 1851 and 31st December 1899 was 110,832, of whom 61,751 were males and 49,081 females. The county contains the following townships, which are all practically suburbs of Dublin : Rathmines and Rathgar (27,706), Pembroke (24,269), Blackrock (8401), Kilmainham (6510), Drumcondra, Clonliffe, and Glasnevin (7621), and Clontarf (5104), and the town of Kingstown (17,352), the populations given in each case being,those of 1891. In 1901 the population of the urban districts of Rathmines and Rathgar, Pembroke, Blackrock, and Kingstown was respectively 32,472, 25,524, 8719, and 17,356. Education.—The following table gives the degree of education (excluding the city of Dublin) in 1891 Percentage. Males. Females. Total. K. C. Pr.Ep. Presb. 58,710 72,458 131,168 78-1 94-7 951 Read and write 4,653 5,853 10,506 8-7 2-1 1-9 Read only 8,130 7,836 15,966 13-2 3-2 3-0 Illiterate The percentage of illiterates among Roman Catholics in 1881 was 17‘I. Excluding the city of Dublin, the number of superior schools in 1891 was 80, with 5338 pupils (Roman Catholics 2392 and Protestants 2946), and 284 primary schools with 23,891 pupils (Roman Catholics 19,478 and Protestants 4513). The number of pupils on the rolls of the national schools on 30th September 1899 was 55,405, of whom 46,256 were Roman Catholics and 9149 Protestants. Administration. —The county is divided into two parliamentary divisions, north and south, the number of registered electors in 1900 being respectively 12,429 and 10,762. The ratable value in 1900 (excluding the county borough of Dublin) was £859,044. By the Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, the fiscal and administrative duties of the grand jury and (to501111 a less extent) of other bodies were transferred to a county j );11’, urban and rural district councils were established, and under that Act the county now comprises 9 urban and 5 rural sanitary districts. The city of Dublin constitutes a separate county.