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 DRAG H M ANN — D R A G A S A N I many other contemporary French families, emigrated to the Low Countries after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, but some of the former appear to have settled in Holland as early as 1647. Dozy studied at the University of Leyden, obtained the'degree of doctor in 1844, was appointed an extraordinary professor of history in 1850, .and professor in 1857. The first results of his extensive studies in Oriental literature, Arabic language and history, manifested themselves in 1847, when he published AlMarrakushi’s History of the Almohades (Leyden, 2nd ed., 1881), which, together with his Scriptorum Arabum loci .de Abbaditis (Leyden, 1846-63, 3 vols.), his editions of Ibn-Adhari’s History of Africa and Spain (Leyden, 1848-52, 3 vols.), of Ibn-Badrun’s Historical Commentary on the Poem of Ibn-Abdun (Leyden, 1848), and his Hictionnaire detaille des noms des vetements chez les Arabes (Amsterdam, 1845)—a work crowned by the Dutch Institute—stamped Dozy as one of the most learned and critical Arabic scholars of his day. But his real fame as a historian mainly rests on his great work Histoire des Mussulmans dHspagne, jusqy]a la Conquete de VAndalousie par les Almoravides, 711-1110 (Leyden, 1861; 2nd ed., ibid., 1881; a graphically written account of Moorish dominion in Spain, which shed new light on many obscure points, and has remained the standard work on the subject. Dozy’s Recherches sur VHistoire et la Litterature de I'Espagne pendant le Moyen Age (Leyden, 2 vols., 1849; 2nd and 3rd ed., completely recast, 1860 and 1881) form a needful and wonderfully trenchant supplement to his Ilistoire des Mussulmans, in which he mercilessly exposes the many tricks and falsehoods of the monks in their chronicles, and effectively demolishes a good part of the Cid legends. As an Arabic scholar Dozy stands wellnigh unsurpassed in his Supplement aux Dictionnaires Arabes (Leyden, 1877-81, 2 vols.), a work full of research and learning, a storehouse of Arabic lore. To the same class belongs his Glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais, ddrivds de VArabe, edited with Dr W. H. Engelmann of Leipzig (Leyden, 1866; 2nd ed., 1868), and a similar list of Dutch words derived from the Arabic. Dozy also edited A1 Makkari’s Analectes sur VHistoire et la Litterature des Arabes dlEspagne (Leyden, 1855-61, 2 vols.), and, in conjunction with his friend and worthy successor, Professor De Goeje, at Leyden, Edrisi’s Description de VAfrique et de VEspagne (1866), also the Calendrier de Cor done de Vannee 961 ; texte arabe et ancienne traduction latine (Leyden, 1874). diet Islamisme (Islamism; Haarlem, 1863 ; 2nd ed., 1880; French translation) is a popular exposition of Mahommedanism, of a more controversial character; and De Israelieten te Mekka {The Israelites at Mecca, Haarlem, 1864, became the subject of a rather heated discussion in Jewish circles. Dozy died at Leyden, May 1883. (h. ti. ) Drachmann, Holger (1846 ), Danish poet and dramatist, the son of a well-known physician of Copenhagen, Dr A. G. Drachmann, whose family was of German extraction, was born in Copenhagen on the 9th October 1846. Owing to the early death of his mother, Avho was a Dane, the child was left much to his own devices. He soon developed a fondness for semi-poetical performances, and loved to organize among his companions heroic games, in which he himself took such parts as those of Tordenskjold and Niels Juul. His studies were belated, and he did not enter the university until 1865, leaving it m 1866 to become a student in the Academy of Fine Arts. From 1866 to 1870 he was learning, under Professor Sorensen, to become a marine painter, and not without success. But about the latter date he came under the influence of Georg Brandes, and, without abandoning art,

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he began to give himself more and more to literary ideas. He travelled very extensively in England, Scotland, France, Spain, and Italy, and his literary career began by his sending letters about his journeys to the Danish newspapers. After returning home, he settled for some time in the island of Bornholm, painting seascapes. He now issued his earliest volume of Poems, 1872, and joined the group of young Radical writers who gathered under the banner of Brandes. Drachmann was unsettled, and still doubted whether his real strength lay in the pencil or in the pen. By this time he had enjoyed a surprising experience of life, especially among sailors, fishermen, students, and artists, and the issues of the FrancoGerman War and the French Commune had persuaded him that a new and glorious era was at hand. His volume of lyrics, Muffled Melodies, 1875, proved that Drachmann was a poet with a real vocation, and he began to produce books in prose and verse with great rapidity. Young Blood, 1876, is his solitary attempt at a realistic novel of to-day. But in 1877 he returned to his true field in his magnificent Songs of the Sea, and he won the passionate admiration of his countrymen by his prose work, with interludes in verse, called Over the Frontier There, a series of impressions made on Drachmann by a visit to the scenes of the war with Germany. During the succeeding years he was a great traveller, visiting most of the principal countries of the world, but particularly familiarizing himself, by protracted voyages, with the sea and with the life of man in maritime places. In 1879 he published Tendrils and Roses, amatory lyrics of a very high order of melody, in which he showed a great advance in technical art. To the same period belongs On the Faith and Honour of a Sailor, a volume of short stories in prose. It was about this time that Drachmann broke with Brandes and the Radicals, and set himself at the head of a sort of “ Nationalist ” or popular-Conservative party in Denmark. He continued to celebrate the life of the fishermen and sailors in books, whether in prose or verse, which were the most popular of their day. Paul and Virginia and Lars Kruse (both 1879); East of the Sun and Moon, 1880; Chrysalis and Butterfly, 1882; and Strandby Folk, 1883, were among these. In 1882 Drachmann published his fine translation, or paraphrase, of Byron’s Don Juan. He now gave his attention to dramatic composition, and in 1885 his romantic play called Once upon a Time enjoyed an enormous success on the boards of the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen. He pursued this profitable course, and his tragedies of Vblund Smed and Brav-Karl have made him the most popular playwright of Denmark. He published a volume of exquisitely fantastic Melodramas in rhymed verse, a collection which contains some of Drachmann’s most perfect work. It is impossible to give the titles of all the poet’s publications, which are extremely numerous. In 1899 he enjoyed a great success through Scandinavia by his romantic play called Gurre, and in 1900 he brought out a prose story called Dcedalus and a brilliant lyrical drama, Hallfred Vandraadeskjald. In the winter of 1900 Drachmann visited England, and was entertained at dinner by fifty English authors. A man of lofty stature and commanding appearance, he looks like a poet and a Viking. He is unquestionably the greatest writer that Denmark produced in the last quarter of the 19th century. Bragasani, a town in Rumania, of 4398 inhabitants, on the right bank of the river Olt. It was the scene in 1821 of a bloody battle between the Turks and the troops of Ypsilanti, in which the latter were completely defeated. The vines of the neighbouring hills produce the best white wines in the country.