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DOULTON —DOVER

the army refused to continue service. At the commencement of the reign of the Tsar Nicholas II., in 1895, the Doukhobors became the victims of a series of persecutions, Cossack soldiers plundering, insulting, beating, and maltreating both men and women in every way. More than four hundred families of Doukhobors who were living in the province of Tiflis were ruined and banished to Georgian villages. Of 4000 thus exiled, more than 1000 died in the course of the first two years from exhaustion and disease; and more would have perished had not information reached Count Leo Tolstoy and his friends, and through them the Society of Friends in England. Funds were immediately raised by sympathizers for alleviating the sufferings of the starving victims. At the same time an appeal, written by Tolstoy and some of his friends, requesting the help of public opinion in favour of the oppressed Doukhobors, was circulated in St Petersburg and sent to the Emperor and higher Government officials. The Doukhobors themselves asked for permission to leave Russia, and the Society of Friends petitioned the Emperor to the same effect. In March 1898 the desired permission was granted, and the first party of Doukhobors, 1126 in number, were able in the summer of 1898 to sail from Batum for Cyprus, which was originally chosen for their settlement because at that time funds were not sufficient for transferring them to any other British territory. But as contributions accumulated, it was found possible to send a number of Doukhobor emigrants to Canada, whither they arrived in two parties, numbering above 4000, in January 1899. They were joined in the spring of the same year by the Cyprus party, and another party of about 2000 arrived from the Caucasus. In all about 7500 Doukhobor immigrants arrived in Canada. The Canadian Government did their best to facilitate the immigration, and allotted land to the Doukhobors in the provinces of Assiniboia near Yorkton and of Saskatchewan near Thunder Hill and Prince Albert. They were very cordially received by the population of the Canadian port towns. In April 1901, in the Canadian House of Commons, the Minister of Justice made a statement about them in which he said that “ not a single offence had been committed by the Doukhobors; they were law-abiding, and if good conduct was a recommendation, they were good immigrants. . . . The large tracts of land demanded population, and if they were not given to crime, the conclusion was that they would make good citizens.” About eighteen months after they arrived in Canada the Doukhobors sent the Society of Friends a collective letter in which they sincerely thanked the English and American Friends for all the generous help of every kind they had received at their hands, but begged the Quakers to cease sending them any more pecuniary support, as they were now able to stand on their own feet, and therefore felt it right that any further help should be directed to others who were more in need of it. See also Christian Martyrdom in Russia, by Y. Tchertkoff. The Free Age Press, Christchurch, Hants. (v. T.) Doulton, Sir Henry (1820-1897), English inventor and manufacturer of pottery, born in Vauxhall 25th July 1820, was from the age of fifteen actively employed in the pottery works of his father, John Doulton, at Lambeth. One of the first results of his many experiments was the production of good enamel glazes. In 1846 he initiated in Lambeth the pipe works, in which he superintended the manufacture of the drainage and sanitary appliances which have helped to make the firm of Doulton famous. In 1870 the manufacture of “Art pottery” was begun at Lambeth, and in 1877 works were opened at Burslem, where almost every variety of china and porcelain, as well as artistic earthenware, has

been produced. Works have since been opened at Rowley Regis, Smethwick, St Helens, Paisley, and Paris. After the Paris Exhibition of 1878, Henry Doulton was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. In 1872 the “Art department ” was instituted in the Doulton works, giving employment to both male and female artists, amongst whom such workers as George Tinworth and the Misses Barlow have obtained a reputation outside their immediate sphere. In 1887 Mr Doulton received the honour of knighthood, and a few years later was awarded the Albert Medal by the Society of Arts. He married in 1849 the daughter of Mr J. L. Kennaby; she died in 1888. Sir Henry Doulton took an active interest, as Almoner, in St Thomas’s Hospital. He died in London 18th November 1897. (e. f. s.) DOlirO (in Spanish, Duero; Portuguese, Dour6), a river of the Iberian peninsula. It rises in the Sierra d’Urbion (between the Sierra de la Demanda and the Sierra de Moncayo), describes a wide curve eastwards past Soria, then flows on the whole west right across the Spanish tableland, passing on the way Yalladolid and Zamora; then from Paradela to Barca d’Alva it flows south-west and forms the frontier between Spain and Portugal. It crosses Portugal in an east to west direction in a narrow and tortuous bed, and enters the Atlantic 3 miles below Oporto. In Spain it receives from the right the rivers Pisuerga, Yalderaduey, and Esla, and from the left several small streams which drain the Sierra Guadarrama; and in Portugal the Agueda, C5a, and Paiva from the left, and the Sabor, Tua, and Tamega from the right. The lower stream is beset with numerous rapids, called pontos, and is subject to swift and violent inundations. On this account navigation is attended with difficulties and risks between its mouth and Barca d’Alva; but a railway, running for the most part along the right bank, traverses the Portuguese portion of the river. The mouth of the river is partly blocked by a rocky bar, but has recently been improved. Its total length is about 420 miles, of which 140 are in Portugal. Its waters abound in fish, especially trout, shad, and lampreys. Douro, a former province of Portugal, corresponding to the present districts of Oporto, Aveiro, and Coimbra (qq.vv.). Area, 3506 square miles. Population (1900), 1,237,374, giving 353 inhabitants to the square mile. Douwes-Dekker, Edward. See Dekker, Edward Douwes. Dover, the principal Cinque Port, municipal and parliamentary borough of Kent, England, terminal station ^of the South-Eastern and Chatham and Dover Railway 76 miles by rail east-south-east of London. The municipal borough, till 1895 coextensive with the parliamentary, was then extended to include parts of parishes previously in the rural district of Dover. In 1885 the parliamentary representation was reduced to one member. In 1888 the gates of Wellington dock were widened 10 feet to admit the new Channel steamers; new coal stores were erected on the Northampton quay; the shipway was lengthened 40 feet, and widened for the reception of vessels up to 800 tons. In 1891 it was resolved to construct a new commercial harbour, estimated to cost about £700,000 and to be finished by the end of 1901. Begun in 1893, the works include (1) an open iron viaduct, 1260 feet long, joining the east pier; (2) the extension of the east pier, of solid masonry, to a length of 1920 feet; (3) two jetties, 11 and 500 feet long respectively; (4) reclamation of 5 acres of land, between the Admiralty pier and the mouth of the present harbour, as a water station; (5) an extension oi the Admiralty pier. The harbour thus formed will have a