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DOLE Y —D OLLINGER

architectural results are disappointing, and show either that the site always retained its primitive simplicity, or else that whatever buildings once existed have been very completely destroyed. As M. Carapanos states that he has turned over the whole surface to a considerable depth, he can hardly have failed to bring to light whatever is left. To the south of the hill, on which are the walls of the town, and to the east of the theatre, is a plateau about 200 yards long and 50 yards wide. Towards the eastern end of this terrace are the scanty remains of a building which can hardly be anything but the temple of Zeus; it appears to have consisted of pronaos, naos or cella, and opisthodomus, and some of the lower drums of the internal columns of the cella were still resting on their foundations. No trace of any external colonnade was found. The temple was about 130 feet by 80 feet. It had been converted into a Christian church, and hardly anything of its architecture seems to have survived. In it and around it were found the most interesting products of excavation—statuettes and decorative bronzes, many of them bearing dedications to Zeus Naios and Dione, and inscriptions, including many small tablets of lead which contained the questions put to the oracle. Farther to the west, on the same terrace, were two rectangular buildings, which M. Carapanos conjectures to have been connected with the oracle, but which show no distinguishing features. Below the terrace was a precinct, surrounded by walls and flanked with porticoes and other buildings; it is over 100 yards in length and breadth, and of irregular shape. One of the buildings on the south-western side contained a pedestal or altar, and is identified by M. Carapanos as a temple of Aphrodite, on the insufficient evidence of a single dedicated object; it does not seem to have any of the characteristics of a temple. In front of the porticoes are rows of pedestals, which once bore statues and other dedications. At the southern corner of the precinct is a kind of gate or propylseum, flanked with two towers, between which are placed two coarse limestone drums. If these are in situ and belong to the original gateway, it must have been of a very rough character; it is very improbable that they carried, as M. Carapanos suggests, the statuette and bronze bowl by which divinations were carried on. The chief interest of the excavation centres in the smaller antiquities discovered, which are now placed in M. Carapanos’s collection in Athens. Among the dedications, the most interesting historically are a set of weapons dedicated by King Pyrrhus from the spoils of the Romans, including characteristic specimens of the pilum. The leaden tablets of the oracle contain no certain example of a response, though there are many questions, varying from matters of public policy or private enterprise to inquiries after stolen goods. See Dodone et ses Ruines, par Constantin Carapanos. Paris, 1878. For the oracle inscriptions, see E. S. Roberts in Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. i. p. 228. (k. Gr.) Dolby. See Sainton. DO I gO I ley, a market-town, railway station, and county town of Merionethshire, Wales, 68 miles south-east by south of Holyhead. There are a parish church and various chapels. There is a free grammar school (1665). The old “ Parliament House” has been demolished. Area of urban district, 175 acres. Population (1881), 2455; (1901), 2437. Area of civil parish, 25,375 acres. Population (1881), 3962; (1891), 3785. Dollinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz von (1799-1891), German theologian and Church historian, was born at Bamberg, Bavaria, on 28th February

1799. He came of an intellectual stock, his grandfather and father having both been physicians of eminence and professors of one or other of the branches of medical science. His father was also a man of general literary culture, and celebrated for his power of imparting instruction, though he is said to have been somewhat rough and overbearing in character. The mother of the young Dollinger, too, was a member of a family not undistinguished in intellectual power. The early education of their son was carried out under his father’s supervision ; and though the stories which have become widely current about the proficiency of Dbllinger at an ■ early age in Greek and Latin were denied by the celebrated theologian himself, we may be sure that he was not permitted to be backward in his studies. The elder Dollinger, shortly after his son’s birth, was removed to a professorship at Wurzburg. There he came into friendly relations with the well-known philosopher Schelling, a circumstance which doubtless left its stamp for life upon his son. Young Dollinger mastered the French language very early, and soon conceived an enthusiastic admiration for Napoleon, which lasted until, at about seventeen years of age, he fell in with an account of the treatment of Pope Pius VII. by that great conqueror. At this period he left the gymnasium at Wurzburg, to which he had early been sent, and began to study natural philosophy at the university in that city. In 1817 he commenced the study of mental philosophy and philology. He thus laid a basis of sound general knowledge before he pursued the study to which he ultimately devoted himself. This study was theology, which he decided to take up in 1818, because he believed it to lie beneath every other science which could be named. The teaching of theology in Roman Catholic Germany was then passing through a transition stage. But at that moment ecclesiastical history continued to be very ill taught, and young Dollinger resolved to carry on the study of it independently—a resolution which in all probability materially affected his career. In 1820 he became acquainted with Huber, another fact which, as will be seen, largely influenced his own life as well as that of his friend. On 5th April 1822 he was ordained priest, after studying awhile at Bamberg, and in 1823—at a very early age—he became professor of Ecclesiastical History and Canon Law at Aschaffenburg. Here began his career as author. He then took his doctor’s degree, and in 1826 became professor of Theology at Munich, where he spent the rest of his life. About this time Dollinger brought upon himself the animadversion of Heine, who was then editor of a Munich paper. He described the professor’s face as the “ gloomiest ” in the whole procession of ecclesiastics which took place on Good Friday. All shades of Christianity, it is to be remembered, came under the lash of that unsparing satirist. It has sometimes been stated that in his earlier years Dollinger was a pronounced Ultramontane. This does not appear to have been altogether the case; for, very early in his professorial career at Munich, the Jesuits attacked his teaching of ecclesiastical history, and the celebrated Mohler, who afterwards became his friend, on being appealed to, pronounced on the whole in his favour. He also entered into relations with the wellknown French Liberal Catholic Lamennais, whose viewrs on the reconciliation of the Roman Catholic Church with the principles of modern society had aroused much suspicion in Ultramontane circles. In 1832 Lamennais, with his friends Lacordaire and Montalembert, visited Germany, and obtained considerable sympathy in their attempts to bring about a modification of the Roman