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Authorities. — Davies. A New Historical and Descriptive View of Derbyshire. Belper, 1811.—Maunder. Derbyshire Miners’ Glossary. Bakewell, 1824.—Bateman. Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire. London, 1848.—Jewitt. Ballads and Songs of Derbyshire. London, 1867.—Cox. Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire. Chester, 1875.—Pendleton. History of Derbyshire (Popular County Series). London, 1886.—Cox. Three Centuries of Derbyshire Annals (2 vols.). London, 1890.—Mello. Handbook to the Geology of Derbyshire. London, 1891.—Payne. Derbyshire Churches, Old and New. Derby, 1893.—See also Notts and Derbyshire Notes and Queries. (t. f. h.)

Patriotes, with, the object of furthering France’s “ revanche ” against Germany. He was one of the first advocates of a Franco-itussian alliance, and as early as 1883 undertook a journey to Russia for the furtherance of that object. On the rise of General Boulanger, M. Deroulede attempted to use the Ligue des Patriotes, hitherto a non-political organization, to assist his cause, but was deserted by a great part of the League and forced to resign his presidency. Nevertheless he used the section of the League that remained faithful to him with such effect that the Government found it necessary in 1889 to decree its suppression. In the same year he was elected to the Chamber as member for Angouldme. He did not stand at the elections of 1893, but was re-elected in 1898, and distinguished himself by his violence as a Nationalist and antiDreyfusard. After the funeral of President Faure, on 23rd February 1899, he endeavoured to persuade General Roget to lead his troops upon the Elysee. For this he was arrested, but on being tried for treason was acquitted (31st May). On 12th August he was again arrested and accused, together with Andre Buffet, Jules Guerin, and others, of conspiracy against the Republic. After a long trial before the High Court, he was sentenced, on 4th January 1900, to ten years’ banishment from France, and retired to San Sebastian. In 1901 he was again brought prominently before the public by a quarrel with his Royalist allies, which resulted in an abortive attempt to arrange a duel with M. Buffet in Switzerland. Besides the works already mentioned, he has published Le Sergent, in the “Theatre de campagne” (1880); De Veducation nationale (1882); Monsieur le Uhlan et les trois couleurs (1884); Le premier grenadier de France, La Tour d1 Auvergne (1886); Refrains militaires (1889); Histoire d!amour (1890); a pamphlet entitled Desarmement? (1891); Poesies militaires and Messire du Guesclin, Drame en vers (1896) ; La Mort de LLoche. Cinq actes en prose (1897) ; La plus belle file du monde, conte dialogue en vers libres (1898).

Dereham (East), a market town and railway station in the Mid parliamentary division of Norfolk, England, 15 miles west by north of Norwich. The ancient church of St Nicholas contains interesting memorials, and the Congregational chapel stands on the site of the house where the poet Cowper spent his last days. Dereham is an important agricultural centre with works for agricultural implements. Area of civil parish (an urban district), 5313 acres; population (1881), 5640; (1901), 5545. D6roul&dey Paul (1846 ), French author and politician, was born in Paris on 2nd September 1846. He made his first appearance as a poet in the pages of the Revue nationale, under the pseudonym of Jean Rebel, and in 1869 produced at the Theatre Francais a one-act drama in verse entitled Juan Strenner. On the outbreak of the Franco-German war he enlisted as a private, was wounded and taken prisoner at Sedan, and sent to Breslau, but effected his escape. He then served under Chanzy and Bourbaki, took part in the latter’s disastrous retreat to Switzerland, and fought against the Commune in Paris. After attaining the rank of lieutenant, he was forced by an accident to retire from the army. He now published a number of patriotic poems {Chants du soldat), which enjoyed unbounded popularity. In 1877 he produced a drama in verse called L*Hetman, which derived a passing success from the patriotic fervour of its sentiments. For the Exhibition of 1878 he wrote a hymn, Vive la France, which was set to music by Gounod. In 1879 his drama in verse, La Moabite, which had been accepted by the Theatre Fran^ais, was forbidden by the censor on religious grounds. In 1882 M. Deroulede founded the Ligue des

DeS Moines, capital and largest city of Iowa, U.S.A., and capital of Polk county, in 41° 36' N. lat. and 93° 38' W. long., on Des Moines river, at an altitude of 800 feet. It has a regular street plan, is supplied with water from the Raccoon river, a branch of the Des Moines, by the Holly pumping system, its streets are partly paved with brick, and it is divided into seven wards. Among the fine buildings are the new State Capitol, erected at a cost of $3,000,000, the United States Post Office, the City Hall, and the Grand Opera House. There are two public libraries, the larger of which, the State Library, contains 46,000 volumes. There are two institutions for higher education, Drake University and Des Moines College. The former under the Christian denomination had, in 1899, 54 instructors and 722 students; the latter, 10 instructors and 157 students. Des Moines is an important railway centre. It is the meeting-point of five great systems, the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, the Chicago and NorthWestern, the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, and the Wabash, which give it a large commerce. In 1900 there were 494 manufacturing establishments, with a capital of $7,911,764, with 4557 hands, and a product valued at $10,488,189. The assessed valuation of property, real and personal, was, in 1900, $13,871,430; the net debt (exclusive of school debt) was $727,777, and the tax rate (exclusive of school tax) $42.40 per $1000. The basis of assessment is very low (about one-fourth of full value). Population (1890), 50,093; (1900), 62,139, of whom 7946 were foreign-born and 1675 negroes. DeSOtO, a city of Jefferson county, Missouri, U.S.A.,

were employed in textile factories, there being an increase between 1895 and 1896 of 10’4 per cent., but a decrease between 1896 and 1897of 8'4 percent. About one-half (10,701) were employed in the cotton industry, while lace employed 4667, hosiery (chiefly cotton and silk) 2530, and silk 1092. Non-textile factories employed 43 630 persons, there being an increase between 1895 and 1896 of'lS'O per cent., and between 1896 and 1897 of 2'9 per cent. Those employed in the manufacture of machines, appliances, conveyances, and tools numbered 13,990 ; the founding and conversion of metals employed 10,027 ; the making of earthenware, etc., 3884 ; print (calico), bleach, and dye works, 3813; and papermaking, printing, &c., 3186. In workshops only 3894 persons were employed, the majority (2263) in the clothing industries. The total number of persons employed in mining in 1899 was 48,578. In its limestone production the county stands next to Durham, the amount raised in 1899 being 1,761,270 tons. In the same year 519,208 tons of clay were raised, including 71,244 tons of fireclay valued at £21,373 (the total value of the clays being £43,648), 165,366 tons of sandstone, and 30,218 tons of gravel and sand. But the principal mineral is coal. Ironstone is not extensively wrought, but on account of the abundant supply of coal, large quantities are imported for smelting purposes. The amount of pig-iron produced in 1885 was 368,863 tons, in 1890, 387,760 tons, in 1895, 413,454 tons, and in 1899 (including Nottingham, the production in which county is, however, small) 511,994 tons. The furnaces are situated in Alfreton, Chesterfield, Derby, and Ilkeston. Zinc is mined to a small extent. The following table gives particulars regarding the production of coal, gypsum, iron ore, and lead in 1890 and 1898:— Lead. Iron Ore. Gypsum. Coal. Value. Tons. Value, Tons. Value Tons. Value. Tons. £ £ & 30,195 1890 10,445,974 4,705,188 67,571 30,407 23,732 8306 4026 1899 14,594,424 5,047,238 11,557 5,778 3,526 1534 4266 31,995