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DENMARK Brought forward Kr.56,473,500 or £3,137,416 1,400,000 „ 77,778 Death Duties Tax on Transfers of Pro916,000 50,889 perty 2,555,100 141,950 Legal Fees (Patents, &c.) 2,958,916 164,384 State Railways. 222,581 12,366 Post and Telegraphs. 1,090,000 60,556 State Lottery Crown Lands, Porests, 893,424 49,635 &c.) 35,722 643,000 Interest on Reserve Interest on Debts to the 46,729 841,127 State 67,862 1,221,517 Sundry receipts . Kr.69,215,165 £3,845,287 The amount of the internal debt on 1st April 1900, is estimated at Kr.77,708,810 or £4,317,156, bearing interest of 3^ per cent, (excepting some small amounts on which 3, 4, 4J, or 5 per cent, are paid), whilst that of the foreign debt is placed at Kr.138,512,250 or £7,695,125, bearing 3 per cent, interest, with the exception of a very small amount on which 4 per cent, is paid. The revenue and expenditure of the Faroes are included in the budget for Denmark proper, but Iceland and the West Indies have their separate budgets. The Danish Treasury receives nothing from these possessions ; on the contrary, Iceland receives an annual grant, and the West Indian Islands have been heavily subsidized by the Danish finances to assist the sugar industry. The administration of Greenland entails an annual loss of Kr. 156,273 or £8682, which is posted on the budget of the Ministry of Finance. The financial position of the municipalities in Denmark is generally good. The ordinary budget of Copenhagen amounts to about £1,100,000 a year. The main source of wealth in Denmark is agriculture. No information is available as to the average size of agricultural holdings in Denmark, but there are statistics from which their value Industry. may fog estimated. Rates and taxes on land are mostly levied according to a uniform system of assessment, the unit of which is called a ‘ ‘ Tbnde Hartkorn. ” The Td. Htk., as it is usually abbreviated, has further subdivision, and is intended to correspond to the same value of land throughout the country. The Danish measure for land is a “Tbnde Land” (Td. L.), which is equal to 1 '363 statute acres. Of the best ploughing land a little over6Td. L., or about 8 acres, go to aTd. Htk., but of unprofitable land a Td. Htk. may represent 300 acres or more. On the islands and in the more fertile part of Jutland the average is about 10 Td. L., or 13^ acres. Woodland, tithes, &c., are also assessed to Td. Htk. for fiscal purposes, but the total assessment of agricultural land in Denmark is 369,161 Td. Htk., exclusive of the island of Bornholm, where the assessment is somewhat different, though the general state of agricultural holdings is the same as in other parts. The selling value of land has lately been declining, on account of the agricultural depression which has affected Denmark as well as England, but according to an official calculation based on the actual open sales which had taken place, it was, in 1895, Kr.5155 or £286 per Td. Htk. A homestead with land assessed less than 1 Td. Htk. is legally called a “ Huus ” or “Sted,” i.e., cottage, whilst a farm assessed at 1 Td. Htk. or more is called “ Gaard,” i.e., farm. Most of the land in Denmark is freehold and cultivated by the owner himself, and comparatively little land is let on lease except very large holdings and glebe farms. Farms of between 1 and 12 Td. Hartkorn are called “ Bbndergaai’de,” or peasant farms, and are subject to the restriction that such a holding cannot lawfully be joined to or entirely merged into another. They may be subdivided, and portions may be added to another holding, but the homestead, with a certain amount of land, must be preserved as a separate holding for ever. According to the return of 1895, there were in Denmark (apart from the island of Bornholm) 73,889 “gaarde,” of which 2031 were assessed at 12 Td. Htk. or more (not a few exceeding 100 Td. Htk.), their total assessment being 56,822 Td. Htk., or 15‘4 per cent, of the total assessment of the country. Only 30 of these gaarde were not freehold. This class, of course, includes the “ Herregaarde,” or seats of the nobility and landed gentry. 12,858 holdings were “ Bbndergaarde, ” or peasant farms, and as the total assessment of this class of holdings amounts to 267,302 Td. Htk., it will be seen that the peasants in Denmark hold 72’9 per cent, of all the land according to its value. As regards their size, 44,557, or 30 per cent., were assessed at from 1 to 4 Td. Htk. ; 23,638, or 32'9 per cent., were assessed at 4 to 8 Td. Htk. ; the remainder at about 8 Td. Htk. In the rural districts there are, besides, 159,147 “ Huse,” or cottages with land, assessed at less than 1 Td. Htk., of which 141,439, or 89'1 per cent., were freehold and occupied by the owners. There were, besides, 32,946 cottages without land, of which 20,271, or 61'5 per cent., were freehold and occupied by the owners. Of late years an annual sum has been voted by the Rigsdag, out of which loans are granted to

cottagers who desire to purchase small freehold plots. The total area of Denmark is 6,892,110 Td. Ld., or 9,393,945 statute acres, of which 5,097,357 Td. Ld., or 6,957,697 acres—that is, fully 74 per cent.—are agricultural laud. Only 563,059 acres of this total are meadow land. In 1896 the ploughed land, 6,384,637 acres, was utilized as follows:—2,876,124 acres were sown with cereals, namely, wheat 85,001 acres, rye 718,228 acres, barley 691,181 acres, oats 1,085,847 acres, and mixed cereals 295,867 acres ; 533,221 acres were sown with green fodder, potatoes, roots, and other minor crops ; whilst 2,333,869 acres were under grass in rotation, and 621,423 acres W'ere in fallow. The quantity of grain harvested in 1896 is stated to have been, in English quarters, 446,875 of wheat, 2,432,875 of rye, 2,574,500 of barley, 4,667,125 of oats, and 1,301,138 of mixed grain. There is, of course, a good deal of variation from year to year, but the above figures are near the average. During the last forty years of the 19th century dairyfarming was greatly developed in Denmark, and brought to a high degree of perfection by the application of scientific methods and the best machinery, as well as by the establishment of joint dairies. The Danish Government has assisted this development by granting money for experiments, and by a rigorous system of inspection for the prevention of adulteration. According to the latest returns (1898), 449,264 horses, 1,743,440 head of cattle, 1,178,514 swine, 1,074,413 sheep, were kept in Denmark, but only 31,803 goats and 139 donkeys. Rabbits, which are not found wild in Denmark, are bred for export, their number being given as 81,475. The garden land in Denmark amounted, in 1896, to 81,152 acres. The woods cover 665,584 acres, or fully 7 per cent, of the area, and their preservation is considered of so much importance that private owners are under strict control as regards cutting of timber. The wuods consist mostly of beech, which is principally used for fuel, but pines were extensively planted during the 19th century. Efforts are being made to plant the extensive heaths in Jutland with pine trees (see Jutland). Peat bogs occupy 188,650 acres; heaths, moors, and other essentially waste lands, 909,795 acres. The fishery along the coasts of Denmark is of some importance, both on account of the supply of food obtained thereby for the population of the country, and on account of the export ; but the good fishing grounds, not far from the Danish coast, particularly in the North Sea, are mostly worked by the fishing vessels of other nations, which are so numerous that the Danish Government is obliged to keep gunboats stationed there in order to prevent encroachments on territorial waters. The factories of Denmark supply mainly local needs. The Copenhagen china has a good reputation. In 1897 there were only 165 establishments employing each more than 100 hands ; the largest are those engaged in the construction of engines and iron ships, of which there are 4, employing together about 3000 persons. Trade-unionism flourishes in Denmark, and strikes are of frequent occurrence. The total value of Danish commerce has risen from £22,433,000 in 1874 to £51,132,000 in 1900, in which year the exports were valued at £21,865,000, the imports at £29,267,000. Qommerce The commerce of Denmark is mainly based on home production and home consumption, but a certain quantity of goods is imported with a view to re-exportation, for which the free port and bonded warehouses at Copenhagen give facilities. The value of goods exported in 1900 and declared to be of foreign origin w7as £6,203,000. The main features of the trade of Denmark will be seen from the subjoined table for 1899, in which the diflerent articles are classed as follows :—I. Live animals. II. Articles of animal food. Foreign Goods Import. Export. Balance. Exported. I. Live animals. II. Animal food. III. Breadstuffs IV. Colonial produce Y. Alcoholic drinks. VI. Textiles, &c. . VII. Timber. VIII. Raw materials, vegetable and animal IX. Minerals and metal goods X. Other goods.

£ £ £ I £ 123,800 1,080,500! 200 956,700 3,145,700 13,145,300', -9,999,600 1,457,900 6,205,100 l,158,400j +5,046,700 553.400 2,214,000 711,500 +1,502,500 660,600 413,700 206,800’ + 206,900 165,300 3,659,800 848,600 +2,811,200 684.400 85,000 1,408,000 117,000 +1,291,000 2,913,400 1,454,400 + 1,459,000 5,385,000 1,070,100 + 4,314,900 1,869,200 458,400 +1,410,800

815,200 701,800 119,400

27,337,700 20,251,000 +7,086,700 5,243,200 III. Breadstuffs and foods for animals. IV. Colonial produce, conserves, &c. V. Alcoholic drinks. VI. Materials for spinning and weaving, woven fabrics and garments. VII. Timber and