Page:1902 Encyclopædia Britannica - Volume 27 - CHI-ELD.pdf/432

 394

DEADWOOD—DE

This is not the place to discuss the theories respecting the destruction of the Cities of the Plain (Gen. xix.) The catastrophe was in no way connected with the formation of the Dead Sea. Some authorities place the cities at the south end of the lake ; but it is clear from the statements in the Bible that they were situated m the Jordan valley to the north of the lake. Authorities.—Due he Luynes. Voyage d Exploration a la Her Morte tome 3, Geologie par Louis Lartet, Paris, 1875.—Fraas. A us dem Orient.—Wilson, in Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem, jjotes (for levels), and in P. E. F. Qy. Stat., 1900.—Hull. Memoir on the Geology and Geography of Arabia, Petrcea, Palestine &c., P. E Fund 1889 ; Mount Seir, 1889.—G. A. Smith. Historical Geography of the Holy Land, 1894.—Lortet, in Zeitschrift des Deutschen Paldstina Vereins, xvii. 142.—Blanckenhorn, m Z.D.P. V. xix. 157.—Gautier, Autour de la Mer Morte, 1901.—De Lapparent. Mude GMogique sur la Mer Morteva Revue Biblique, vol. V. (1896).—Gray Hill and Putnam Cady in P. E. F. Qy. Stats., 1900, 1901. (c. W. W.) Deadwoody capital of Lawrence county, South Dakota, U.S.A., in the northern part of the Black Hills, in 44° 23' K lat. and 103° 44' W. long., in the canon of Whitewood Creek, at an altitude of 4532 feet. Its site is hilly, and its street plan irregular. It has two railways, the Burlington and Missouri Biver, and the Fremont, Elkhorn, and Missouri Valley. It is the commercial and mining centre of the Black Hills. About it are several gold mines, characterized by the low grade of their ores, which range from $3 to $4 per ton, by their vast quantity and by the ease of mining and of extracting the metal. The ore contains free gold, which is extracted by the simple process of stamping and amalgamation. Several hundred tons of ore are treated thus in Deadwood and its environs daily, and its stamp mills are exceeded in size only by those of the Treadwell Mine in south-eastern Alaska. The annual gold product of this region is about $4,000,000. Population (1880), 3777; (1890), 2366; (1900), 3498, of whom 707 were foreign-born. DCclIy a municipal borough and bathing resort in the St Augustine’s parliamentary division (since 1885) of Kent, England, 8 miles north-east by north of Dover by rail. The asphalted promenade is now nearly 4 miles long^; the pier has been provided with a pavilion and enlarged. There are well-known golf links. Area, 1124 acres. Population (1881), 8500 ; (1901), 10,427. There is a parish of Deal. De Arnicas, Edmond© (1846 ), Italian writer, was born at Oneglia 21st October 1846. After some schooling at Cuneo and Turin, he was sent to the Military School at Modena, from which he was appointed to a lieutenancy in the 3rd Begiment of the line in 1865. He fought at the battle of Custozza in 1866. In 1867 he became Director of the Italia Militare, Florence. In the following year he published his first book, La Vita Militare, which consisted of sketches of military life, and attained wide popularity. After the overthrow of the Pope’s temporal power in 1870, De Amicis retired from the army and devoted himself to literature, making his headquarters at Turin. Always a traveller by inclination, he found opportunity for this in his new leisure, and some of his most popular books have been the product of his wanderings. Several of these have been translated into English and the other principal languages of Europe. The most important of these are his descriptions of Spain (1873), Holland (1874), Constantinople (1877), and Morocco (1879). These have gained him reputation as a brilliant depicter of scenery and the external aspects of life ; solid information is not within their sphere ; and much of their success is owing to the opportunities they afford for spirited illustration. Of late years De Amicis has greatly extended his fame as a novelist, especially by II Romanzo dim Maestro (1890). His poems consist principally of sonnets. De Bary, Anton (1831-1888), German botanist,

BARY

was of Belgian extraction, but his family had long been settled in Germany. He was born, January 26, 1831, at Frankfort-on-Main. From 1849 to 1853 he studied medicine at Heidelberg, Marburg, and Berlin. In 1853 he settled at Frankfort as a surgeon. In 1854 he became privat-docent for botany in Tubingen, and afterwards Professor of Botany at Freiberg (1859). In 1867 he migrated to Halle, and in 1872 to Strassburg, where he. was the first rector of the newly constituted university. He died there January 19, 1888. In his earlier years he came under the influence of Mohl, Fresenius, A. Braun, Ehrenberg, and Johannes Muller, but his startling originality and ability soon brought him into prominence, and he became one of Germany’s most distinguished biologists, remarkable for his broad and firm grip of the botanical problems of his day, and for the clear insight he brought to bear on investigations. Although one of his largest and most important works was on the Comparative Anatomy of Ferns and Phanerogams, in which he produced an account of the tissues of vascular plants which has never been entirely superseded, his treatment of the epidermal system being especially good, and notwithstanding his admirable acquaintance with systematic and field botany generally, De Bary will always be remembered as the founder of modern Mycology. This branch of botany he completely revolutionized in 1866 by the publication of his celebrated Morphologic und Physiologic d. Pilze, &c., a classic which he rewrote in 1884, and which has had a world-wide influence on Biology. His clear appreciation of the real significance of Symbiosis and the dual nature of Lichens stands out as one of his masterpieces, and in many ways he showed powers of generalizing in regard to the evolution of organisms which would alone have made him a distinguished man. It was as an investigator of the then mysterious Fungi, however, that De Bary stands out first and foremost among the biologists of the 19th century. He not only laid bare the complex facts of the life-history of many forms, —e.g., the Ustilaginese, Peronosporeae, Uredinese, and many Ascomycetes,—treating them from the developmental point of view, in opposition to the then prevailing anatomical method of the Tulasnes, but he insisted on the necessity of tracing the evolution of each organism from spore to spore, and by his methods of culture and accurate observation brought to light numerous facts hitherto undreamt of. These his keen perception and insight continually employed as the basis for hypotheses, which he in turn tested with an experimental skill and critical faculty rarely equalled and probably never surpassed. One of his most fruitful discoveries was the true meaning of infection as a morphological and physiological process. He traced this step by step in Phytophthora, Cystopus, Puccinia, and other Fungi, and so placed before the world in a clear light the significance of parasitism. He then showed by numerous examples wherein lay the essential differences between a parasite and a saprophyte, a theme by no means clear in 1860-70, but which he himself had recognized as early as 1853, as is shown by his work, Die Brandpdze. _ These researches led to the explanation of epidemic diseases, and De Bary’s contributions to this subject were fundamental, as witness his classical work on the Potato Disease in 1861. They also led to his striking discovery of heteroecism (or metoecism) in the Uredinese, the truth of which he demonstrated in Wheat Bust experimentally, and so clearly that his classical example (1863) has never been other than confirmed by subsequent observers, though we now know much more as to details. It is difficult to estimate the relative importance of De Bary’s astoundinglv accurate work on the sexuality of the Fungi. He not only described the phenomena of sexuality in Peronosporeas