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 DANVERS varies from to 8 feet only. Similar and other causes, such as the discovery of fresh banks at the island of Ada Kaleh, have produced similar effects higher up the river. Between the Iron Gates and Orsova, at extreme low water, i.e., when the gauge at Orsova reads zero, there is only 3 feet 6 inches of available depth, i.e., at certain seasons 9 inches less than before the works of improvement were commenced. Again, between Orsova and Old Moldova, at extreme low water there is a navigable depth of only 3 feet instead of the anticipated 6 feet 6 inches. It was calculated, however, that with three more years’ work and a further expenditure of £240,000, the wished-for depth of 6 feet 6 inches would be obtained throughout the whole distance from Old Moldova to the Iron Gates. In addition to the works already described, executed under international arrangements, the riverain Powers—Bavaria, Austria, and Hungary—have spent large sums of money in improving the navigation of the Upper Danube. At Vienna the principal channel of the Danube was brought miles nearer the town by the construction of a new channel 10 miles in length and 330 yards in breadth, with a depth at low water of from 10 to 11 feet. This work, projected in 1866, involved the removal of 12 million cubic metres of sand and gravel, and with its subsidiary works, bridges, quays, &c., cost about 3j: millions of pounds sterling. It has proved an immense success, not only protecting Vienna from disastrous inundations, the principal object in view, but also in improving the railway communication and the navigability of the river. Very extensive engineering operations have also been carried out at Buda-Pest, where the Seroksar branch of the Danube, which in time of flood carried away one-third of its entire volume of water, has been completely closed, the water passing into the main Promontor channel. The result of all the combined works for the rectification of the Danube is that from Sulina up to Braila the river is navigable for seagoing vessels of 2500 tons register. From Braila to TurnSeverin it is open for seagoing vessels up to 600 tons, and for flat barges of from 1500 to 2000 tons capacity. From Turn-Severin to Orsova navigation is confined to river steamers, tugs, and barges drawing 6 feet of water. Thence to Vienna the draught is limited to 5 feet, and from there to Ratisbon to a somewhat lower figure. Barges of 600 tons register can be towed from the Lower Danube to Ratisbon, at which place petroleum tanks have been constructed for the storage of Rumanian petroleum, the first consignment of which in 1898, conveyed in tank boats, took six weeks on the voyage up from Giurgevo. The principal navigation company on the Upper Danube is the Socidtd Imperiale et Royale Autrichienne of Vienna, which started operations in 1830 with three small steamers, but now possesses a fleet of 151 paddle steamers, 23 screw steamers, 5 powerful tugs, and 850 large barges, besides grain elevators, dredgers, steam launches, &c. &c. In 1896 they carried 579,000 passengers for long distances, 2,220,000 for short distances, 1,113,871 tons of miscellaneous cargo, 978,000 tons of cereals, and 148,609 tons of coal. Their gross receipts during the same year were 14| million florins. The company transports goods and passengers between Galatz and Ratisbon. A less important society is the Rumanian State Navigation Company, possessing a large flotilla of tugs and barges, which run to Buda-Pest, where they have established a combined service with the South Danube German Company for the transport of goods from Pesth to Ratisbon. A Hungarian Navigation Company, subsidized by the State, has recently been formed, and the Hungarian railways, the Servian Government, and private owners own between them about 70 tugs and 420 barges of about 380,000 tons burden. The merchandise carried in 1896 between Sulina and the Iron Gates and intermediate ports amounted to 3,529,575 tons, of which 2,700,000 tons was composed of cereals and the remainder miscellaneous merchandise. Three-fourths of this amount were carried down stream, and one-fourth up. The following tables show the total amount of tonnage (registered) of ships leaving the Danube and clearing for foreign ports at quinquennial intervals from 1871 to 1896, and for each year from 1889 to 1900 :— Quinquennial Returns.

1871 1876 1881 1886 1891 1896

Total Tonnage.

British Tonnage.

Proportion of British to whole.

549,720 748,363 793,454 950,567 1,512,030 1,794,934

178,858 452,414 498,994 623,479 990,935 1,097,689

Per cent. 32-54 60-45 62-88 65-59 65-53 62-00

DANZIG

379

Annual Returns. Year. 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900

Total Number Number Total Tonnage. of British of Vessels. Vessels. 1870 1828 1723 1532 1801 1716 1619 1713 1324 1419 1056 1101

1,473,345 1,539,445 1,512,030 1,427,087 1,893,506 1,619,703 1,554,698 1,794,934 1,397,917 1,476,119 1,252,509
 * 1,070,367

842 778 773 638 905 733 604 699 540 446 277 260

Tonnage.

Per cent.

1,000,773 983,862 990,935 866,758 1,287,762 1,034,097 906,043 1,097,737 855,477 694,773 446,170 458,921

6763-91 65-53 606863-84 58-27 6161 T9 47-06 41-68 36-64

This diminution was due to failure of the harvest in Rumania and Bulgaria. (H. TR.) Danvers, a town of Essex county, Massachusetts, U.S.A. It includes an area of 14 square miles of level country diversified by glacial hills, with a village bearing the same name, and a large rural population. It is traversed by a branch of the Boston and Maine Railway. The village is irregular in plan, contains a State Insane Asylum and a public library, and has manufactures of boots and shoes, leather, &c. Population (1880), 6598; (1890), 7454; (1900), 8542. Danville, capital of Vermilion county, Illinois, U.S.A., on the Vermilion river, at an altitude of 598 feet. Its site is a level prairie, and its street plan is regular. It is entered by three railways, the Chicago, and Eastern Illinois, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St Louis, and the Wabash. Situated in a coal-mining region, it handles and ships large quantities of that commodity. It contains also car shops and ironworks. Population (1880), 7733; (1890), 11,491 ; (1900), 16,354. Danville, capital of Boyle county, Kentucky, U.S.A., on the Queen and Crescent Railway, at an altitude of 955 feet. It is the seat of Centre College, opened in 1821, and of Caldwell College for women, both Presbyterian institutions, and of the State Deaf and Dumb Institute. Population (1880), 3074; (1890), 3766 ; (1900), 4285. Danville, capital of Montour county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., in 40° 58' N. lat. and 76° 37' W. long., on the north branch of the Susquehanna, at an altitude of 471 feet. The borough is irregular in plan, though situated on a level plain. It is on the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western, and the Philadelphia and Reading Railways. It is of importance because of its iron manufactures. Population (1880), 8346; (1890), 7998; (1900), 8042. Danville, a city of Virginia, U.S A. Though within the limits of Pittsylvania county, it is not subject to county organization. It is on the Danville river, at the falls, near the southern boundary of the state, at an altitude of 413 feet, and is traversed by the Southern and the Danville and Western Railways. It is the seat of Roanoke Female College. The city has long been prominent in the tobacco trade, and in the manufacture of smoking and chewing tobacco. It is also becoming important in the manufacture of cotton. Population, including the annexed town of North Danville (1880), 8726; (1890), 14,104; (1900), 16,520. Danzig, a strong maritime fortress and seaport town of Prussia, capital of the province of West Prussia, headquarters of the 17th German Army Corps, standing on the Vistula, 3 miles south of its entrance into the Baltic. The