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D A N A —D A N C I N G

man lie entered ardently into the hopes of the founders of this famous enterprise, lecturing on “Friendship,” &c., and remaining at Brook Farm until its abandonment in 1844; but in his later years, in the words of the historian of the community, “ he departed farthest from its aspirations.” After some newspaper work in Boston, Dana joined the editorial staff of Horace Greeley’s New York Tribune, becoming its managing editor, and actively promoting the anti-slavery cause, but he left the paper in 1862, because of a sharp disagreement with Greeley regarding the conduct of the war by President Lincoln’s administration. As Dana himself said : “ Greeley was for peace and I was for war.” Having served as a special investigating agent of the war department at the front,—^informing Secretary Stanton of the capacity and methods of various generals in the field,—Dana became assistant-secretary of war in 1863, so remaining until the close of the conflict. After a brief editorial connexion in Chicago, in 1868 he became editor and chief owner of the New York Sun, and remained in control until his death, giving to it a flavour and character of its own, in accordance with his personal preferences and aversions. The Sun, under the same editorial control, was at one time a spokesman of Tammany Hall, the local democratic organization in New York City; and at another of the Republican party and its managers in city and state. In his later years, after his abandonment of the Democratic party at the time of the nomination of William J. Bryan for the Presidency, Dana was the principal advocate, in the New York press, of an aggressively “ American ” or national policy. Dana was also a connoisseur in art, and edited a Household Book of Poetry (1857) and (with George Ripley) the New American Cyclopaedia, 15 vols. (1857-63). His reminiscences of the war, having been published in a monthly magazine, were issued in a volume in 1898. Dana died at his home at Glen Cove, Long Island, near New York, 18th October 1897. Dana, James Dwight (1813-1895), American geologist, was born in Utica, New York, 12 th February 1813. He early displayed a taste for science, and entered Yale College that he might study under the elder Benjamin Silliman. Graduating in 1833, for the next two years he was teacher of mathematics to midshipmen in the navy, and sailed to the Mediterranean while engaged in his duties. From 1835 to 1837 he was assistant to Professor Silliman at Yale, and then, for five years, acted as mineralogist and geologist of a United States exploring expedition, commanded by Commodore Wilkes, in the Southern and Pacific oceans. His labours in preparing the reports of such explorations as he had shared, occupied parts of thirteen years after his return to America in 1842. In 1844 he again became a resident of New Haven, married Professor Silliman’s daughter, and on the resignation of Silliman was appointed Silliman Professor of Natural History and Geology in Yale College, a position which he only resigned in 1892. He was for many years, and until his death, editor of the American Journal of Science and Arts (founded in 1819 by Benjamin Silliman), to which he was a constant contributor, principally of articles on geology and mineralogy. A bibliographical list of his writings shows 214 titles of books and papers, beginning in 1835 with a paper on the conditions of Vesuvius in 1834, and ending with the fourth revised edition (finished in February 1895) of his Manual of Geology. His reports on Zoophytes, on the Geology of the Pacific, and. on Crustacea, summarizing his work on the Wilkes expedition, appeared in 1846, 1849, and 1852-54, in quarto volumes, with copiously illustrated atlases ; but as these were issued in small numbers, his general reputation more largely rests

upon his System of Mineralogy (1837), Manual of Geology (1862), and Corals and Coral Islands (1872), the first two having repeatedly been revised in successive editions, and widely used as text-books in American colleges. In 1887 Dana visited the Hawaiian Islands to study volcanoes. He died in New Haven, 14th April 1895. Danao, a town on the east coast of the island of Cebu, Philippine Islands, in 10° 28' N. It has a comparatively cool and healthful climate, and is the centre of a rich agricultural region producing rice, Indian corn, sugar, copra, and cacao. The language is Cebu-Visayan. Population, 16,000. Danbury, capital of Fairfield county, Connecticut, U.S.A., in 41° 24' N. lat. and 73° 26' W. long., at an altitude of 371 feet. It is entered by the New England and the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railways. It has for a century been known for its manufacture of hats, which is still its principal industry. Besides these, it makes boots and shoes, shirts, and other articles of clothing. Population of the town (1880), 11,666; (1890), 19,473; (1900), 19,474; population of the city (1890), 16,552; (1900), 16,537. Dancing is the universal human expression, by movements of the limbs and body, of a sense of rhythm which is implanted among the primitive instincts of the animal world. The rhythmic principle of motion extends "throughout the universe, governing the lapse of waves, the flow of tides, the reverberations of light and sound, and the movements of celestial bodies; and in the human organism it manifests itself in the automatic pulses and flexions of the blood and tissues. Dancing is merely the voluntary application of the rhythmic principle, when excitement has induced an abnormally rapid oxidization of brain tissue, to the physical exertion by which the overcharged brain is relieved. This is primitive dancing; and it embraces all movements of the limbs and body expressive of joy or grief, all pantomimic representations of incidents in the lives of the dancers, all performances in which movements of the body are employed to excite the passions of hatred or love, pity or revenge, or to arouse the warlike instincts, and all ceremonies in which such movements express homage or worship, or are used as religious exercises. Although music is not an essential part of dancing, it almost invariably accompanies it, even in the crudest form of a rhythm beaten out on a drum. For an account of savage dances and of such customs of savage or civilized peoples as are included in this description of dancing the reader is referred to the article on Dancing in the ninth edition of this work. The present article is confined to a discussion of Modern Dancing, by which is meant dancing employed as an entertainment either for the dancers or for spectators—this being the direction in which dancing has been developed as an art in civilized countries. In its evolution, its direct application to arouse emotion or religious feeling tends to be obscured, and, although attempts are occasionally made to revive it, finally dropped out; and it is in the sense of an art or pastime that the term dancing is used in this article. Italy, in the 15th century, saw the renaissance of dancing, and France may be said to have been the nursery of the modern art, though comparatively few modern dances are really French in origin. The national dances of other countries were brought to France, studied systematically, and made perfect there. An English or a Bohemian dance, practised only amongst peasants, would be taken to France, polished and perfected, and would at last find its way back to its own country, no more recognizable than a piece of elegant cloth when it returns from the printer to the place from which as “ grey ” material it was