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DAIQUIRI — DAIRY-FARMING entirely consists, belong to the Mina, Ewe, Eon, Malii, Nago, pated in the budget. The budget for 1901 anticipated and Bariba races. Cultivation is primitive and nine-tenths £89,000, of which the native tax was expected to produce of the lands are waste. Maize, manioc, yams, and potatoes £14,000. The principal items of expenditure provided for, grow along the coast; millet in the interior. The forests apart from £31,000 for the administrative service, were: contain the baobab, the cocoanut palm and the oil palm. public works, &c., £21,500; the occupation of Upper Cattle are rare, and a few years ago. the ox was entirely Dahomey, £19,000; native troops and police, £9000. unknown. An experimental farm is carried on at Borto Ebvo. The chief towns are Porto Novo (50,000), the seat of France first established factories in 1851 at Whidah, government; Grand Popo (2000), a port; Kotonu (1000), after the signature of a treaty with the king. In 1868 a a port; Whidah, a port; and in the interior, Abomey similar power was granted at Kotonu, and m 18/8 (15,000), the capital of Dahomey, 75 miles from the sea, France received authority to collect the customs at this Allada (10,000), and Agony (20,000). The following table gives the value of the principal articles of locality. In the meantime, in 1863, the kingdom of and export for 1898 and 1899, with the totals for those Porto Novo had accepted the French protectorate, and the import years:— Anglo-French agreement of 1864 had fixed its boundaries. Exports. Imports. This protectorate was soon afterwards abandoned by Napoleon III., but was re-established in 1882; in 1885 a Palm IntoxiFranco-German convention assigned Grand Popo to France Total. Textiles. cants. Kernels. Palm Oil. Total. and Little Popo, to the west of the coast of Dahomey, £400,000 £170,000 £109,000 £301,500 to Germany. In 1890, Glegle, king of Dahomey, claimed 1898 £83,000 £155,000 509,000 494,000 182,000 1899 77,000 the right to collect the customs at Kotonu, ceded to France in 1878, and to depose the king of Porto Novo, while he In 1898 Great Britain sent nearly all the textiles, Germany also interfered with the French and with the population nearly all the intoxicants. The exports of kernels to Lagos was protected by France. The dispute ended with a treaty more than half the total, while France and Germany divided the which secured to France her rights and to the king of remainder about equally. Lagos and France each received neaily Dahomey an annual pension of <£800. In 1892 the half the oil export. France’s total share of the imports in 1898 to only £135,000 ; of the exports to only £118,300. attitude of King Behanzin rendered a new war necessary; amounted France can only slowly increase her sales, the convention of Abomey, his capital, was taken by General Dodds, his 1898 having guaranteed absolute equality in respect of customs. states were annexed, and he himself was sent a prisoner to the There are few roads, but a telegraph line connects Kotonu Antilles. In 1894 the colony was separated from France’s with Abomey, Gurma on the Niger, and Senegal. _ A railway projected between Kohonou and tlm Niger. With Europe other West African possessions and became a separate is there is telegraphic communication (at Kotonu) over an English administrative unit. Anglo-French conventions of 1889 submarine cable, and steamship communication by lines from and 1898 fixed the eastern frontier, and a Franco-German Bordeaux and Marseilles and Liverpool and Hamburg. In 1898, convention of 1897 settled the boundary on the west. of 433 steamers which visited Dahomey, 111 were French, 133 British, and 156 German. French, English, and American coins The limits northwards were fixed on the disintegration of circulate, and also cowrie shells. The difficulty of firmly establishthe French Sudan in 1899, when some of the cantons of ing French money as the basis of exchange is one of the problems Kwala, or Nebba, and the territory of Say, on the Niger, of the colony. were added to the colony’s possessions. Authorities.—Bertin. Renseignements sur Porto Novo et le The colony is administered by a governor (himself under Dahomey. Paris, 1890.—Aup.let. La Guerre du Dahomey. 1894.—Lee. French Colonies. Foreign Office Report, 1900. the Governor-General of French West Africa), assisted by Paris, —L1 Ann6e Colonials. Paris, 1900. (p. L.) a council composed of three official and three civil members. Daiquiri, a village 15 miles east of Santiago de It has a paymaster-general and a justice of peace. It is one of the three French West African colonies which have Cuba. An expensive iron pier, built by the American been allowed to manage their own finances, with the result shippers of Cuban ores, was used for the landing of the that it is entirely self-supporting. In 1899 the receipts American army in the advance on Santiago in 1898. amounted to £110,634, or £34,634 more than was antici- Population (1899), 1380.

DAIRY-FARMING. PAGE Contents:— Modern Changes ........ 342 Milk and Butter Tests ....... 343 Food and Milk Production ...... 346 Manurial Value of Food consumed in the Production of Milk 349 Cheese and Cheese-Making . . . . . .351 Butter and Butter-Making ...... 356

PAGE . 356 Equipment of the Dairy .... . 360 Dairy Factories ..... . 360 Adulteration of Dairy Produce. . 362 The Milk Trade Home Output, Imports, and Exports of Dairy Pro. 364 duce ....... . 367 American Dairying

Modern Changes. O branch of agriculture underwent greater changes during the closing quarter of the 19th century than dairy-farming; within the period named, indeed, the dairying industry may be said to have been revolutionized. The two great factors in this modification were the introduction about the year 1880 of the centrifugal creamseparator, whereby the old slow system of raising cream in pans was dispensed with, and the invention some ten years later of a quick and easy method of ascertaining the fat content of samples of milk without having to resort to the tedious processes of chemical analysis. About the

year 1875 the agriculturists of the United Kingdom, influenced by various economic causes, began to turn their thoughts more intently in the direction of dairy-farming, and to the increased production of milk and cream, butter and cheese. On 24th October 1876 was held the first London Dairy Show, under the auspices of a committee of agriculturists, and it has been followed by a similar show in every subsequent year. The official report of the pioneer show stated that “ there was a much larger attendance and a greater amount of enthusiasm in the movement than even the most sanguine of its promoters anticipated.” On the day named Professor J. Prince Sheldon read at the show a paper on the dairying industry, and