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CYPRUS

In an Enchanted Island. London, 1879. Ihe geology of tjje island has been well handled by A. Gaudry. Geologic de L lie de Ghypre. Paris, 1862. Its natural history by Unger and T. Kotschy. Die hisel Cypern. 'Wien, 1865. iNumisniatics by the dug de Luynes. Numismatique et Inscriptions Cypriotes. Paris, 1852.—R. H. Lang. Numism. Chronicle, vol.xi. 1871.—J. P. Six. Rev. Num. pp. 249-3/4. Pans, 1883 ; and L. Babelon. Monnaies Grecques. Paris, 1893. Ihe coins of mediaeval date have been described by P. Lambros. Monnaies inedites. Athens, 1876 ; and G. Schlumberger. Num. de l orient latin. Paris, 1878. Inscriptions in the Cypriot character have been" collected by M. Schmidt. Samndung. Jena, 1876 ; and W. Deecke. Die Griechisch Kyprischen Inschriften. Gottingen, 1883 ; in Phoenician in the C. I. P. Paris, 1881.—J. Meursius, Cyprus, Amsterdam, 1675, marshals the classical authorities ; and W Engel, Kypros, Berlin, 1841, gives a good summary of the ancient history of the island. For the Phoenician element, see F. Movers, Die Phonizier. Bonn and Berlin, 1841-56.—L. Comte de Mas Latrie published between 1852-61 one volume of History (1191-1291), and two of most precious documents in illustration of the reigns of the Lusignan kings.—Fra Stefano Lusignano, Chorograjjia di Cipro, Bologna, 1573, and Lp. Siubbs, Two Lectures, Oxford, 1878, are useful for the same period; and perhaps a score of contemporary pamphlets—the best of them by N. Martinengo, Relatione di tutto it successo di Famagosta, Venezia, 1572, and A. Calepio (in Lusignan’s Chorograffia)—preserve the details of the famous sieges of Nicosia and Famagosta.—G. Mariti, Viaggi, Lucca, 1769, and Cyprianos, History, Venice, 1768, are the best authorities of Cyprus under Turkish rule. Mediaeval tombs and their inscriptions are recorded and illustrated in T. J. Chamberlayne, Lacrimcz Nicossienses, Paris, 1894 ; and C. Enlart’s charming and valuable volumes, HArt Gothique et la Renaissance en Chypre, Paris, 1899, deal with mediaeval architecture.—J. Hackett treats exhaustively The Church of Cyprus, London, 1900. (c. D. C.) Cypriote Archaeology. At the time when the article Cyprus was written for the ninth edition of this Encyclopaedia, little was known of the archaeological history of the island. A few chance finds of vases, inscriptions, and coins; of a hoard of silver bowls at Dali (anc. Idalium) 1 in 1851; and of a bronze tablet with Phoenician and Cypriote bilingual inscriptions,2 also at Dali, and about the same time, had raised questions of great interest as to the art and the language of the ancient inhabitants; Mr T. B. Sandwith, British Consul 1865-69, had laid the foundations of a sound knowledge of Cypriote pottery;3 his successoi Mr R. H. Lang (1870-72) had excavated a sanctuary of Aphrodite at Dali;4 and at the time of writing 5 General Louis P. di Cesnola, American Consul 1872-76,. was already exploring ancient sites., and opening tombs, in all parts of the island, though his results were not published till 1877.6 But though his vast collection, now in the Metropolitan Museum of New York, remains the largest series of Cypriote antiquities in the world, the accounts which have been given of its origin are so inadequate, and have provoked so much controversy,7 that its scientific value is small, and a large part of subsequent excavation has necessarily been directed to solve the problems suggested by its practically isolated specimens. From 1876 to 1878 Major Alexander P. di Cesnola continued his brother’s work, but the large collection which he ex-8 hibited in London in 1880 was dispersed soon afterwards. On the British occupation of Cyprus in 1878, the Ottoman Law of 1874 in regard to antiquities was retained in force. Excavation is permitted under Government supervision, and the finds are apportioned in thirds,

[archaeology

between the excavator, the landowner (who is usually* bought out by the former), and the Government. The Government thirds lie neglected in a “ Cyprus Museum ” maintained at Nicosia by voluntary subscription. There is no staff, and no effective supervision of ancient sites or monuments. A catalogue of the collections was published by the Oxford University Press in 1899.9 Since 1878more than seventy distinct excavations have been made in Cyprus, of which the following are the most important. In 1879 the British Government used the acropolis of Citium (Larnaca) to fill up the ancient harbour; and from the destruction a few Phoenician inscriptions, and a proto-ionic capital, were saved. In 1882 tombs were opened by Mr G. Hake at Salamis and Curium for the South Kensington Museum, but no scientific record was made. In 1883 the Cyprus Museum was founded by private enterprise, and on its behalf Mr Max OhnefalschBichter, who had already made trial diggings for Sir Charles Newton and the British Museum, excavated sanctuaries at Voni and Kythrea (Chytri), and opened tombs on some other sites.10 In 1885 Dr F. Dummler opened tombs at Dali, Alambra, and elsewhere, and laid the foundations of knowledge of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age;11 and Mr Richter, on behalf of officials and private individuals, excavated parts of Frangissa (Tamassus), Episkopi, and Dali.12 In the same year 1885, and in 1886, a syndicate opened many tombs at Poli-tis-Khrysochou (Mariiim, Arsinoe), and sold the contents by auction in 1 aris. 1 rom Mr Richter’s notes of this excavation, Dr P. Herrmann

compiled the first scientific account of Grseco-Phoenician and Hellenistic Cyprus.13 In 1886 also, M. le icomte E. de Castillon de St Victor opened rich Grseco-Phoenician tombs at Episkopi, the contents of which are in the Louvre.14 The successes of 1885—86 led to the foundation of the Cyprus Exploration Fund, on behalf of which (1) in 1888 the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Paphos (Kouklia) vas excavated by Messrs E. Gardner, M. R. James, D. G. Hogarth, and R. Elsey Smith;15 (2) in 1889-90 more tombs were opened at Poli by Messrs J. A. R. Munro and H. A. Tubbs;16 (3) in 1890-91 extensive trials were

9 Myres and Ohnefalsch-Richter, A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, with a Chronicle of Excavations since the British Occupation, 1 Notes on Cypriote Archaeology, Oxford, 1899. De Longperier, Athenceum frangais, 1853, pp. 413 ff. ; Music and10 Introductory Mitt. d. Arch. Inst. (Athens), ii. (1881). Napoleon, pi. x. xi. -icrr. 2 11 Mitt. d. Arch. Inst. (Athens), vi. (1886). Bemerkungen z. alt. De Luynes, Numismatique et Inscriptions Chypnotes, 1852. 3 Kunsthandwerk, &c., ii. “ Der Kypr. Geometrische Stil Halle, 1888. 12 Summarized in Cyprus, the Bible, and Homer, London and Berlin, 4 Archceologia, xlv. (1877), pp* 127-142. Trans. Roy. Soc. Literature, 2nd ser. xi. (1878), pp. 30 ff. 1893 s Ency. Brit., 9 th edition, “Cyprus” ad fin. 6 1u3 Das Graberfeld von Marion, Berlin, 1888. Cyprus - its Cities, Tombs, and Temples, London, 1877. 7 Archives des Missions Scientifiques, xvii., Paris, 1891. See Cobham, An Attempt at a Bibliography of Cyprus, Nicosia, 15 Journal of Hellenic Studies, ix., London, 1888. 4th8 edition, 1900, Appendix, “Cesnola Controversy,” p. 54. . is Id. xi., 1890 ; xii., 1891. The Lawrence-Cesnola Collection^ London, 1881, Salamima^id. looz.