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CUSHING- CUTTACK

principal resources of the population are boat-building, fishing, and seafaring, the cultivation of the vine, corn, and oil, and breeding of mules. Population of island, 18,749 ; of town, 6486. Cushing:, Caleb (1800-1879), American statesman, was born' in Salisbury, Mass., on the 17th of January 1800. He was graduated from Harvard in 1817, and began the practice of law in Newburyport. After serving in each house of the State legislature he was a Representative in Congress from 1835 to 1843. Originally a Whig, he supported President Tyler, and gradually became associated with the Democrats. As Commissioner to China he negotiated the first treaty between that country and the United States. He raised a regiment for the Mexican War, and rose to the rank of brigadiergeneral. During the administration of President Pierce he was Attorney-General of the United States. In 1860 he associated himself with the Breckinridge wing of the Democratic party. In 1866 he was appointed one of the three commissioners to revise and codify the laws of Congress. In 1868 he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Bogota. At the Geneva Conference for the settlement of the Alabama claims he was one of the counsel for the United States. In 1873 he was nominated Chief Justice of the United States, but the nomination was not confirmed. From 1874 to 1877 he was United States minister to Spain. He died at Newbury port, Mass., on the 2nd of January 1879. Cushman, Charlotte Saunders (18161876), the famous American actress, was born of New England stock in Boston, Mass., 23rd of July 1816. She went on the opera stage in 1834 in consequence of her father’s financial failure and death, successfully appearing as the Countess Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro. Her voice failing for purposes of singing, she took to the dramatic stage, playing Lady Macbeth (1835) with distinction. Convinced that she had not served a proper apprenticeship, she engaged herself as a stock actress, but was soon given the leading parts, among them high comedy impersonations. In 1844 she accompanied Macready on an American tour, winning great reputation in a series of tragedy parts. In 1844 and in 1853 she played successful engagements in London. She was a keen student, and acquired a large range of classic roles. Her best parts were perhaps Lady Macbeth and Queen Catherine, her most popular being Meg Merrilies. Her figure was commanding and her face expressive, and she was animated by a temperament full of vigour and fire. These qualities enabled her to play with success such male parts as Romeo and Cardinal Wolsey. She died at Boston on the 18th February 1876. See also Charlotte Cushman, her Letters and Memories of her Life. Edited by Emma Stebbins. Boston, 1878. CuSSOt, a town in the arrondissement of Lapalisse, department of Allier, France, 31 miles south by east of Moulins, with station (2 miles distant) on railway to Vichy. It is situated at the confluence of the Sichon and Jolan, two small affluents of the Allier, and 2 miles north-east of Vichy, with which it is connected by a beautiful avenue. Its mineral waters are renowned, and its industries include paper, linen, oil, and basket-work. The town grew up around a convent founded in 886, and afterwards, in the 13th century, converted into an abbey of St Benoit. Louis XL improved and fortified the town. A relic of that period is the Grosse Tour, now used as a prison. The fortifications have been replaced by boulevards, but many of the older houses exhibit the architectural features of the 15th and 16 th centuries. Population (1881), 4955; (1901), 6444.

Custer, George Armstrong (1839-1876), American soldier, was born in New Rumley, Ohio, on 5th December 1839. After graduating at the U.S. Military Academy in June 1861, he entered at once the Union service early in the Civil War. As a young cavalry officer he impressed General M‘Clcllan, who in May 1862 appointed him an aide-de-camp with the rank of captain. Under General Pleasanton and General Sheridan lie subsequently rose rapidly, both in volunteer and regular rank, while the Virginia operations lasted. He participated in all but one of the battles of the Army of the Potomac, led the cavalry division in pursuit of Lee’s army, 1865, received its first flag of truce, and was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court House. At the age of twenty-five he was major-general of volunteers. After the war he engaged in service on the Western frontier. In an expedition against the Indians he and his entire command were massacred, after a desperate struggle, on 25th June 1876, by an overwhelming hostile force. Both Custer and his wife wrote interesting books descriptive of Indian frontier life. Ciistrin, a town of Prussia, at the confluence of the Oder and the Warthe, 18 miles north by east of Frankfurt; three railway stations. It has three Protestant churches, a Catholic church, a gymnasium, a higher grade and a burgher school, a school for mechanics, four machinery works, and other manufactures. Population (1890), 16,672; (1900), 16,463. Clltch (Kachh), a native state of India, within the Gujarat division of Bombay, with an area of 6500 square miles. In 1881 it had a population of 512,084, and in 1891 of 558,415, giving an average density of 86 persons per square mile. In 1901 the population was 487,384, showing a decrease of 13 per cent., due to the famine of 1899-1900, compared with an increase of 9 per cent, in the previous decade. The estimated gross revenue is Rs.25,21,670; the tribute for a subsidiary force amounts to Rs.2,00,000. There are special manufactures of silver filigree-work and embroidery. The maritime population supplies the best sailors in India. In 1897-98 the imports by sea were valued at Rs.66,69,273, and the exports at Rs.21,35,605; the customs duties amounted to Rs.8,17,000. There are ten cotton presses and two ginning factories. The number of police was 826; the number of schools was 134, with 7142 pupils, being 2‘23 per cent, of the population. The chief institutions are a high school and a school of art, both at Bhuj, the capital. There are seven libraries in the state, with 7246 books. Cutch suffered severely from the recent plague. Cuttack, a town and district of British India, in the Orissa division of Bengal. The town is situated at the head of the delta of the Mahanadi. Population (1881), 42,676; (1891), 47,186. It is the centre of the Orissa canal system, and now an important railway station on the East Coast line from Madras to Calcutta. It contains the Government college, called after Mr Ravenshaw, a former Commissioner; a high school, with 265 pupils; a training school; a survey school; a medical school, with 112 students, of whom 5 were women; a law school; six printing-presses; three vernacular periodicals; a Baptist mission; and a Roman Catholic convent. The district of Cuttack lies in the centre of Orissa, occupying the deltas of the Mahanadi and Brahmani, together with a hilly tract inland. Its area is 3633 square miles. The population in 1881 was 1,795,065; in 1891 it was 1,937,681, giving an average density of 533 persons per square mile. Classified according to religion, Hindus numbered 1,881,913 ; Mahommedans, 52,895 ; Christians, 2733, of whom 128 were Europeans; “others,” 140. In 1901 the population was 2,059,719, showing an increase