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 CUMBERLAND—CURCI vols. Carlisle, 1840-2.—Gilpin. Songs and Ballads of Cumberland. London, 1866.—Dickinson. Glossary of Words and Phrases of Cumberland. London (Early English Text Society), 1878, with a supplement, 1881.—Sir G. E. Duckett. Early Sheriffs of Cumberland. Kendal, 1879.—Denton. “ Account of Estates and Families in the County of Cumberland, 1066-1608,” in Antiquarian Society’s Transactions, 1887.—R. S. Ferguson. History of Cumberland (Popular County Series). London, 1890. The same author’s “Archaeological Survey of Cumberland” in Archceologia, vol. 53. London, 1893.—Jackson. Papers and Pedigrees relating to Cumberland, 2 vols. London, 1892.—Elwood. The Landnama Book of Iceland as it illustrates the Dialect and Antiquities of Cumberland. Kendal, 1894 ; and Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. (t. F. H.) Cumberland, capital of Alleghany county, Maryland, U.S.A., situated in the mountainous western portion of the state, at an altitude of 626 feet, on the main western line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, and on four other lines. It is on the border of the Cumberland coal-field, and through these railways, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, of which it is the western terminus, it has a large trade in coal. It has rolling-mills, and other iron and steel works, glass and railway works. Population (1880), 10,693; (1900), 17,128. Cumberland, a town of Providence county, Rhode Island, U.S.A., with an area of 2 7'5 square miles of hilly country. It is bordered on the west by Blackstone river, on which are several small villages, the remainder of the population being rural. Population (1880), 6445; (1900), 8925. Cumberland River, a large southern branch of Ohio river, U.S.A., rising in the highest portion of the Cumberland plateau, in eastern Kentucky. From its source it flows westwards, then south into Tennessee, thence again westwards, passing Nashville, and finally north-westwards across the western part of Kentucky, to its mouth at Smithfield, a few miles above the mouth of Tennessee river. Its entire length is about 700 miles, of which much the greater part is navigable. Its drainage basin comprises 18,573 square miles. During the Civil War Fort Donelson was erected on the Cumberland and Fort Henry on the Tennessee by the Confederates, about 40 miles above their mouths, to prevent navigation by Federal vessels. These forts were captured by General Grant in February 1862, with 14,000 prisoners, and the rivers were thus opened up to Federal gunboats. Cumnock, a police burgh of Ayrshire, Scotland, 331 miles south of Glasgow by road. There is a townhall, an athenaeum, a public library, and a monument to “ Prophet ” Peden, the Covenanter. Coal and ironstone are extensively mined in the neighbourhood, and there are several woollen and tweed mills in the town. The churches are Established, United Free, Congregational Union, Baptist, and Roman Catholic. The public school had an average attendance of 522 in 1898-99, and a Roman Catholic school 102. Population (1881), 3345; (1901), 3087. Cundinamarca, a department of the republic of Colombia, bounded on the N. by Venezuela and the departments of Boyacd and Santander, on the W. by Antioquia and Tolima, on the S. by Cauca, and on the E. by Venezuela. Area, 79,691 square miles. Population, 500,000, of whom one-fourth are whites, the rest Indians and half-breeds. The capital, Bogota, which is also the capital of the republic, has about 100,000 inhabitants. Principal towns: Zipaquira, Facatativa, Caqueza, Fbmeque, Choconta. Cuneo, a town, episcopal see, and capital of the province of Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy, 54 miles by rail south-south-west from Turin, on a rocky platform above

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a tributary of the Tanaro, at the northern foot of the Maritime Alps. Apart from the broad arcaded main street, the streets are narrow and crooked. The chief buildings are the (restored) cathedral, the 12th-century Franciscan church, the town-hall, theatre, and military hospital. The former town walls have been converted into promenades. A monument to Barbaroux was erected in 1879. Silk-spinning, raising of cocoons, and printing are the principal industries. There is a school of the industrial arts and handicrafts. Population of town, about 17,000; of commune, about 29,000. Cupar Fife, a royal, parliamentary (St Andrews group), and police burgh, and the county town of Fifeshire, Scotland, on the river Eden, 45 miles north of Edinburgh by the Forth Bridge and 16 south-west of Dundee by rail. The business of the town chiefly depends on its importance as an agricultural and legal centre. A handsome new Free church was erected in 1877—78. The Madras Academy having received a supplementary endowment from a legacy of Sir David Baxter is now known as the Bell-Baxter school, and is one of the five recognized higher-class schools of the county. The county buildings were enlarged in 1892-93. Population of the parliamentary and police burgh (1881), 5010; (1891), 4729 ; (1901), 4511; and of the royal burgh (1881), 4964; (1891), 4693. Cura$Oa or Curacao, an island in the Caribbean Sea off Venezuela, ana the name of a government comprising that island and its dependencies, the other Dutch West Indies—Oruba (Aruba) and Buen Aire (Bonaire), near the coast of Venezuela; Saba, St Eustatius, and the half of St Martin, in the Lesser Antilles. Total area, 530 square miles. The islands near the coast of South America consist of slate, cretaceous formations, and eruptive rocks (diorite and diabase), forming ridges 650 to 1300 feet high, and plateaux or hills 200 to 500 feet. The islands of the Lesser Antilles are of volcanic (Saba, St Eustatius) or Tertiary (St Martin) rocks. The principal occupations are the rearing of cattle, the cultivation of fruit trees (palms), aloe, and divi-divi, and the working of salt and phosphate. The island of Curagoa is the only one with a good port, Willemstad (population about 8000), with a total traffic valued at £160,240 in 1899, while that for the rest of the islands amounted only to £21,300. The total population in 1898 was 51,693, of whom only 425 were born in the Netherlands. (Curacoa, 30,119; Bonaire, 4926; Aruba, 9591 ; St Martin (Dutch part), 3485; St Eustatius, 1383; Saba, 2189.) Wynmalen. “ Les colonies neerlandaises dans les Antilles,” Berne Colon. Internal. 1887, ii. p. 391.—K. Martin. WestIndische Skizzen. Leiden, 1887.—De Veer. La colonic de Curaqoa. Les Pays Bas, 1898.—Molengraaff. De geologic van het eiland St Eustatius. Leiden, 1886. Also several articles on all the islands in Tijdschrift v./h. Ned. Aardr. Genootschap (1883-86). Curci, Carlo Maria (1809-1891), Italian theologian, was born at Naples on the 4th of September 1809. He became a novice of the Order of Jesuits in 1826, and was ordained priest in 1837. For some years he was stationed at the Church of the Gesu at Naples, was made rector of the schools, and also devoted himself to work among the poor and in the prisons. Here he came into close relations with Gioberti, Rosmini, and other advocates for reform in the Italian Church. Curci wrote a preface to Gioberti’s Primato, published in 1843, but he protested against Gioberti’s Prolegomena, and wrote against his later books in favour of reform. After the fall of the Papal Government in 1870 Curci delivered discourses on Christian Philosophy at Florence. In 1874 he published