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C U E S M E S —C UMBERLAND

Cuesmes, a town of Belgium, in the province of Hainaut, 2 miles south-west of Mons, with which it is united by rail. It has a coal-mining industry and railway workshops. Population (1880), 7079; (1897), 8626. Cuevas de Vera, a town of Spain in the province of Almeria, near the Mediterranean, in a plain fringed by the river Almanzora. Population (1897), 20,366. It has two fine squares, de la Constitucion and del Castillo, the latter deriving its name from the residence of the Marquesses of Yillafranca, one of whose towers is said to be a Roman structure. The parish church, La Encarnacion, dates from 1758 and is of Doric style. The town is essentially a mart for the products of mines in the Sierra Almaguera, and for the products of the rich agricultural districts around. Cullera, a seaport of Spain, in the province of Valencia, 24 miles south-south-east of Valencia, on the Mediterranean at the mouth of the Jucar. In 1898 the principal imports were sulphate of ammonia, valued at <£23,070, and artificial manure, valued at <£2600. The return of shipping in 1898 showed that 42 vessels entered with 24,199 tons of cargoes, and 27 in ballast with 8490 tons; 7 English vessels with 4173 tons entered. Twentyseven Spanish vessels cleared with 8490 tons of cargoes, and 42 vessels in ballast with 24,199 tons cleared, 7 being English. Cumberland, a north-western county of England on the Scottish border, bounded on the S.W. and W. by the Irish Sea, on the N.W. by the Solway Firth, Dumfries, and Roxburgh, on the 1ST.E. by Northumberland, on the E. by Durham, and on the S.E. by Westmoreland and Lancashire. Area and Population.—The area of the ancient, administrative, and registration county is given in the census returns as 970,161 acres or 1516 square miles, with a population in 1881 of 250,647, in 1891 of 266,549 (of whom 132,100 were males and 134,449 females, the number of persons per square mile being 176, and of acres to a person 3'64), and in 1901 of 266,921. The urban population (1891) numbered 150,168, and the rural 116,381. Between 1881 and 1891 the percentage of increase was 6'SI. The excess of births over deaths between 1881 and 1891 was 38,597, but the actual increase of resident population was only 15,902. The following table gives the number of marriages, births, and deaths, with the number of illegitimate births for 1880, 1890, and 1898 :— Illegitimate Births. Marriages. Births. Deaths. Females. Males. 1880 1721 343 8504 5153 347 342 1890 1941 8441 396 4928 1898 2017 281 7543 228 4680 In 1899 the number of marriages was 1978, of births 7660, and of deaths 4307. The following table gives the marriage-, birth-, and death-rates per 1000 persons living, with the percentage of illegitimate births for a series of years :— 18t0-79. 1880. 1880-89 1890. 1888-97. 1898. Marriage-rate. 155 13-8 13-8 14-6 13-4 14-5 Birth-rate 35-1 34-2 33-6 31-8 30-2 27-2 Death-rate 21-6 207 19-5 19-0 17-2 16-9 Percentage of illegitimacy 8'9 8T 7-6 7-6 7-2 6-7 In 1891 there were in the county 11,826 natives of Scotland, 9628 natives of Ireland, and 404 foreigners. Constitution and Government.—The county is divided into four parliamentary divisions, and it also includes the parliamentary boroughs of Carlisle and Whitehaven. It contains three municipal boroughs—Carlisle (39,176), Whitehaven (18,879), and Workington (23,490). The following are urban districts:—Arlecdon and Frizington (5697), Aspatria (2714), Cleator Moor (9464), Cockermouth (5464), Egremont (6258), Harrington (3535), Holme Cultram (4602), Keswick (4500), Maryport (12,536), Millom (8895), Penrith (8981), and Wigton (3965). The county is in the northern circuit, and assizes are held at Carlisle. The borough of Carlisle has a separate

court of quarter sessions and separate commissions of the peace. The ancient county constitutes part of the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, and contains 162 entire ecclesiastical parishes. Education.—At Carlisle is a school of science and art. At St Bees there is an ancient grammar school. The Theological College of St Bees was closed in 1897. The number of elementary schoolson 31st August 1899 was 286, of which 105 were board and 181 voluntary schools, the latter including 153 National Church of England schools, 1 Wesleyan, 14 Roman Catholic, and 13 “British and other.” The average attendance at board schools was 22,635, and at voluntary schools 22,339. The total school board receipts for the year ending 29th September 1899 were over £85,695. The income under the Agricultural Rates Act was over £32,645. Agriculture.—The county being mountainous, the acreage under cultivation is much below the average—only about three-fifths of the whole ; while nearly three-fifths of this acreage is in permanent pasturage. In addition, over 261,000 acres are in hill pasture and over 35,000 acres under woods. Sheep are largely kept and many cattle are reared. Of the corn crops about nine-tenths are under oats, while about three-fourths of the green crop area is occupied by turnips and swedes. The following table gives particulars at intervals of five years from 1880 :— Year. 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900

Total Area under Cultivation. 574,665 579,069 593,991 579,404 582,036

Corn Crops.

Green Crops.

Clover. Permanent Pasture. Fallow.

94,422 92,923 89,973 85,880 78,728

47,291 46,598 47,391 46,200 42,515

105,182 107,270 114,805 115,654 115,532

322,780 4989 329,237 3039 339,510 2129 330,105 1211 344,428 561

The following table gives the numbers of the principal live-stock for the same years :— Total Cows or Heifers Total or in Sheep. Year. Horses. Pigs. Cattle. in Milk Calf. 41,429 1880 20,654 132,032 517,410 20,574 45,579 494,553 24,104 1885 20,288 139,329 20,442 138,086 46,393 562,252 31,717 1890 45,941 1895 22,542 141,937 518,276 23,708 48,145 1900 21,557 148,339 580,618 18,816 Industries and Trade.—According to the report for 1898 of the chief inspector of factories (1900), the total number of persons employed in factories and workshops in 1897 was 19,371 as compared with 19,598 in 1896. Of these 2212 were employed in textile factories. Non-textile factories employed 14,958 persons, there being between 1895 and 1896 an increase of 15'5 per cent but between 1896 and 1897 a decrease of 2'5 per cent. Of these 4088 were employed in the founding and conversion, and 2087 in the extraction, of metals, the other principal industries being the manufacture of machines, appliances, conveyances, tools, &c., employing 2135 persons, and food employing 1642. There is some iron shipbuilding. Of the 2201 persons employed in workshops, 1625 were employed in clothing industries. The total number of persons employed in mines and quarries in 1899 was 14,560. Within recent years the mining industries of the county have maderapid progress. Of granite 103,923 tons were raised in 1899, of limestone 524,417 tons, of clays 75,427 tons, and of sandstone 52,352 tons. There is a large production of pig iron, 687,874 tons, in 1885, 832,614 tons in 1890, 648,740 tons in 1895 and 954,637 tons in 1899. The seats of the industry are Whitehaven, Workington, Cleator Moor, Maryport, and Millom. The following table gives particulars regarding the output of the more important minerals in 1890 and 1899 :— Iron Ore. Gypsum. Lead. Zinc. Coal. Year. Tons I Value. Tons. Value Tons. Value Tons. I Value. £ £ £ £ 1890 1,740,413 658,094 20,854 5213 1,430,159 894,474 2272 18,005 4869 j15,569 1899 2,100,418 710,991 .43,858 8772 1,137,750 833,879 825 7,691 7184 ; 36,958 On account of the number of lakes, rivers, and streams, the freshwater fisheries are of considerable importance, and include besides trout and salmon, char, pike, perch, lamprey, and eels. At Whitehaven, Maryport, and Morecambe the amount of fish landed in 1899 was 7766 cwt., valued at £14,241. Authorities.—-Joseph Nicolson. History and Antiquities of the Counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland, 2 vols. London, 1777.—Hutchinson. History of Cumberland, 2 vols. Carlisle, 1794.—Jefferson. History and Antiquities of Cumberland, 2