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 OSONGRAD — C TENOPHORA Athalia, &c., in all of which he seized on one or another organs are endodermal by origin, borne at the sides of the feature or type of modern life, dramatizing it with meridianal canals as indicated by the signs S' $. There unusual intensity, qualified at the same time by chaste exists a subepithelial plexus with nerve cells and fibres, and well-balanced diction. Of the latter, his classical similar to that of jellyOnxt pvtv studies may, no doubt, be taken as the inspiration, and fishes. The sense-organ of the aboral pole is his translation of Sophocles and Plautus will long rank with the most successful of Magyar translations of the complex, and lies under ancient classics. Among the best known of his novels a dome of fused cilia are Arnold, Az Atlasz csaldd (“ The Atlas Family ”). He shaped like an inverted bell-jar; it consists of died at Budapest on the 19 th November 1891. an otolith, formed of Csongrdd, a large market-town of Hungary, at numerous calcareous the confluence of the Tisza and Kerbs. It has a popu- spheroids, which is suplation (1900) of 22,619,—all Hungarians,—chiefly engaged ported on four plates in agriculture, for which the fine soil of the district of fused cilia termed (57,623 acres) is specially adapted. balancers, but is otherwise free. The ciliated Csorba, Lake of, a tourist centre in the county ectoderm below the of Liptb, North Hungary, situated in the Tdtra Mts., organ is markedly 4432 feet above sea-level. The lake, which is called the thickened, and perhaps “Pearl of the Tatra,” is of inconsiderable size, but its functionally represents picturesque position at the foot of the highest snow- a nerve-ganglion: from covered peaks, bordered by dense pine-forests, has given it eight ciliated furrows it a great vogue, and since 1895 it has been connected radiate outwards, two by a mountain railway with the chief line from Kassa passing under each balto Oderberg. ancer as through an T Ctenophora were briefly described by Professor archw ay, and diverge Huxley in 1875 (see Actinozoa, Ency. Brit. vol. i.) as each to the head of united with what we now term Anthozoa to form the a meridianal costa. group Actinozoabut little was known of the intimate These ciliated furrows structure of those remarkable and beautiful forms till the stain deeply with osmic appearance in 1880 of Chun’s Monograph of the Ctenophora acid, and nervous imoccurring in the Bay of Naples. They may be defined as pulses are certainly Coelentera which exhibit both a radial and bilateral sym- transmitted along metry of organs; with a stomodseum ; with a mesenchyma them. Locomotion is which is partly gelatinous but partly cellular; with eight effected by strokes of meridianal rows of vibratile paddles formed of long fused the paddles in an aboral or matted cilia; lacking nematocysts (except in one genus). direction, driving the An example common on the British coasts is furnished by animal mouth forwards Hormiphora. In outward form this is an egg-shaped ball through the water: of clear jelly, having a mouth at the pointed (oral) pole, each paddle or comb Ctenophora) and a sense-organ at the broader (aboral) pole. It possesses (hence eight meridians (costae) of iridescent paddles in constant consists of a plate of vibration, which run from near one pole towards the other : fused or matted cilia it has also two pendent feathery tentacles of considerable set transversely to the length, which can be retracted into pouches. The mouth costa. The myoepileads into an ectodermal stomodaeum (“ stomach ), and the thelial cells ( = neurolatter into an endodermal funnel (infundibulum) ; these two muscular cells of Ency. are compressed in planes at right angles to one another, Brit. vol. xii. p. the sectional long axis of the stomodaeum lying in the 549), characteristic so-called sagittal (stomodaeal or gastric) plane, that of the of other Coelentera, funnel in the transverse (tentacular or funnel) plane. are not to be found From the funnel, canals are given off in three directions: in this group. On (a) a pair of paragastric (stomachal, or stomodaeal) canals the other hand there run orally, parallel to the stomodteum, and end blindly are well - marked near the mouth; (6) a pair of perradial canals run in the muscle fibres in transverse plane towards the equator of the animal; each definite layers, deof these becomes divided into two short canals at the base rived from special of the tentacle sheath which they supply, but has previously mesoblastic cells in Subs given off a pair of short interradial canals, which again the embryo, which are embedded in a bifurcate into two adradial canals; all these branches lie in the equatorial plane of the animal, but the eight adradial jelly; these in their canals then open into eight meridianal canals which run origin and arrangeorally and aborally under the costae; (c) a pair of aboral ment are quite vessels which run towards the sense-organ, each of which comparable to the drawing of a cydippid from bifurcates; of the four vessels thus formed, two only open mesoderm of Triplo- Fie.the2.—Schematic aboral pole. (After Chun.) 2 (centrally), tentacular canal, and (distally) tentacle, ot at the sides of the sense-organ, forming the so-called blastica, and, alposition of testes; ?, position of ovaries, excretory apertures. These three sets of structures, with though the muscleother letters as in Fig. 1. The stomodamm of some lies in the sagittal plane, the fu«nel a" the funnel from which they rise, make up the endodermal cells tentacles in the transverse or tentacular plane. coelenteron, or gastro-vascular system. The generative [ jelly-fish exhibit a 300