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 CSABA

(BEKES) — CSIKY

Leydig, Lilljeborg, Stimpson, Westwood, Bate, Kinahan, Thorell, and the incipient merit of Alphonse MilneEdwards, C. Claus, and G. O. Sars. Thenceforward down to the present day the bibliography of Crustacea exhibits a host of writers and a flood of records. From every zone, from water fresh, brackish, or saline, exposed or subterranean, from the surface of sea or lake down to almost every accessible depth, and from the surface of the land up to almost every accessible height, Crustacea have been obtained, captured by new devices, examined by new methods, studied with a new zeal, and revealing new forms and relations in a previously unsuspected and still unceasing and increasing variety. From the axils of a plant to the nostrils of a fish or the intestines of an annelid, crustaceans can accommodate themselves to every kind of strange habitation, and the descriptions of them are often equally fugacious, since they may have to be tracked through an indefinite number of serials in nine or ten different languages. For an effective grasp of knowledge already acquired, and the adjustment of future acquisitions, it is clear that the mind of the naturalist is always yearning for classification;—in the Crustacea the basis for this has been sought in many directions,—in the general shape, the eyes, the locomotive appendages, the mouth-organs, the breathing apparatus, the structure of the stomach, the genital organs, the circulatory and nervous systems, the development of the young, and the phylogeny. Unfortunately the last, which would be most decisive for a natural system, is likely always to remain the most speculative. On the other hand, parts of the organism which might seem least adapted for systematic purposes may be of service, since a high authority has stated that in the Copepoda the number and distribution of the hairs on the swimming-feet are capable of affording valuable characters for genera, or even for subfamilies. As might be expected, in the great expansion of the class, with so much attention concentrated on its arrangement, numerous classificatory changes have been proposed, and many of them have been established on apparently satisfactory grounds, during recent years. But these alterations leave us at liberty to maintain the three leading divisions, the Malacostraca, Entomostraca, and Thyrostraca, while keeping apart the small group of the Leptostraca, established by Claus for the Nebahidae, as a connecting link between the first division and the second. Briefly, all the four may be distinguished as follows: Malacostraca are those Crustacea in which, apart from an ocular segment and telson, the assignable segments are nineteen in number. The first antennae often have more than one branch. Leptostraca have more than nineteen segments, and a second branch on their first antennae. In the rest of the Crustacea the assignable segments are more or fewer than nineteen, and the first antennae never have more than one branch. These form two divisions :— Entomostraca, in which the antennae of normal adults are unconcealed; and Thyrostraca, more commonly called Cirripedia, in which the antennae of adults are concealed. Another division, named Gigantostraca, including the extinct Merostomata and Trilobita, and the still existing Xiphosura, represented by Limulus, the so-called kingcrab, is by some eminent authorities altogether banished from the class of Crustacea. By others the affinity of trilobitas and king-crabs with Apus and other phyllopod entomostracans is strictly maintained. In regard to the Leptostraca it is worthy of note that

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G. H. Parker, in the Mittheilungen aus der zoologischen Station zu Neapel for 1895, endorses the opinion of Claus on the optic ganglia of the Nebalikke, both authors holding that these belong rather to the Malacostracan than to the Entomostracan type. On the other hand, the trunk limbs in this family are strikingly phyllopodan in character. The unity of the whole crustacean class often receives unexpected illustrations, thus it is a notable characteristic of the Malacostraca that the seven pairs of limbs of the middle body are seven-jointed, although through subdivision or coalescence this peculiarity may be obscured in some of these limbs. But that the number of seven joints should be normal also for the maxillipeds, which immediately precede the median appendages above mentioned, is interesting less as a distinctive character of the Malacostraca, than for the opposite reason, as connecting them with the Entomostraca, inasmuch as the same number of joints is found to recur in what are now understood to be the homologous maxillipeds of the Copepoda. An exposition of the present state of science in regard to each of the divisions above distinguished will be given under its own name, except that the linking Leptostraca, will, for convenience, be grouped with their allies (nearer or more remote), the Entomostracan Phyllopoda. (t. r. r. s.) Csaba (Bekes), a market-town of Central Hungary, nearly 50 miles south-west of Grosswardein. There are many industrial establishments (including 8 steam mills), a Lutheran gymnasium, and a theatre. Population (1891), 34,243; (1900), 37,547. Csengery, Anton (1822-1880), Hungarian publicist, and a historical writer of great influence on his time, was born at ISTagyvarad on the 2nd of June 1822. He took, at an early date, a very active part in the literary and political movements immediately preceding the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. He and Baron Sigismund Kemeny may be considered as the two founders of highclass Magyar journalism. After 1867 the greatest of modern Hungarian statesmen, Francis Deak, attached Csengery to his personal service, and many of the momentous state documents inspired or suggested by Leak were drawn up by Csengery. In that manner his influence, as represented by the text of many a statute regulating the relations betAveen Austria and Hungary, is one of an abiding character. As an historical Avriter he excelled chiefly in brilliant and thoughtful essays on the leading political personalities of his time, such as Paul Nagy, Bertalan, Szemere, and others. He also commenced a translation of Macaulay’s History. He died at Budapest on the 13th of July 1880. Csiky, Gregor (1842-1891), one of the foremost dramatists of modern Hungary, was born on the 8th of December 1842 at Pankota, in the county of Arad. He studied Roman Catholic theology at Pest and Vienna, and was Professor in the Priests’ College at Temesvar from 1870-78. In the latter year, however, he joined the Evangelical Church, and took up literature. Beginning with novels and works on ecclesiastical history, which met Avith some recognition, he ultimately devoted himself to Avriting for the stage. Here his career was one of almost instantaneous success. Already in his Az ellendllhatatlan (“ L’Irresistible ”), which obtained a prize from the Hungarian Academy, he showed the distinctive features of his talent—directness, freshness, realistic vigour, and highly individual style. In rapid succession he enriched Magyar literature with realistic //enre-pictures, such as A Proletdrolc (“Proletariate”), Buborikok (“Bubbles”), Ket szerelem (“Tavo Loves”), A szegyenios (“The Bashful”),