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CROZET —CRUSTACEA

was at once rebuilt by Scott on the old lines. Addington Park, 3^ miles from Croydon, was purchased for the residence, in 1807, of the archbishop of Canterbury, but was sold in consequence of Archbishop Temple’s decision to reside at the Palace, Canterbury. Whitgift’s Hospital (1596) was restored in 1860, and the Whitgift Grammar School was built in 1871. Few towns have developed the modern spirit so thoroughly as Croydon has. It makes full use of electric lighting, and has one of the lowest death-rates in the United Kingdom.

Talk, The Scourge (1811-16), and the like ephemeral publications. In conjunction with William Hone’s scathing tracts, G. Cruikshank produced political satires to illustrate the series of facetiae and miscellanies, like The Political House that Jack Built (1819). Of a more genially humoristic order are his well-known book illustrations, now so deservedly esteemed for their inimitable fun and frolic, among other qualities, such as the weird and terrible, in which he excelled. Early in this series came The Humorist (1819-21) and Life in Paris (1822). The well-known series of Life in London, conjointly produced by the brothers I. R. and G. Cruikshank, has enjoyed a prolonged reputation, and is still sought after by collectors. Grimm’s Collection of German Popular Stories (1824-26), in two series, with 22 inimitable etchings, are in themCrOZet Islands, an uninhabited insular group in selves sufficient to account for G. Cruikshank’s reputation. To the Indian Ocean, 46°-47° S. and 50° E. They are the first fourteen volumes (1837-43) of Bentley's Miscellany, Cruikshank contributed 126 of his best plates, etched on steel, mountainous, with summits from 4000 to 5000 feet high, including the famous illustrations to Oliver Tvnst, Jack Sheppard, and are disposed in two divisions—Penguin or Inaccessible, Guy Fawkes, and The Lngoldsby Legends. For W. Harrison Hog, Possession, East; and the Twelve Apostles. Like Ainsworth, Cruikshank illustrated Rookwood (1836), and The Kerguelen, Heard, Prince Edward, Marion, and the other Tower of London (1840); the first six volumes of Ainsworth’s (1842-44) were illustrated by him with several of his clusters in these southern waters, they appear to be of Magazine finest suites of etchings. For C. Lever’s Arthur O'Leary he igileous formation; but owing to the bleak climate and supplied 10 full-page etchings (1844), and 20 spirited graphic their inaccessible character they are seldom visited, and etchings for Maxwell’s lurid History of the Lrish Rebellion in 1798 have never been explored since their discovery by Marion (1845). Of his own speculations, mention must be made of George Omnibus (1841) and George Cruikshank’s Table in 1771. Possession, the highest, has a snowy peak said Cruikshank's Book (1845), as well as his Comic Almanack (1835-1853). The to exceed 5000 feet. Hog takes its name from the animals Life of Sir John FaJ,staff contained 20 full-page etchings (1857-58). which were here let loose by an English captain many These are a few leading items amongst the thousands of illustrations emanating from that fertile imagination. As an enthusiyears ago, but have since disappeared. Rabbits burrow in astic teetotal advocate, G. Cruikshank produced a long series of the heaps of scoria on the slopes of the mountains. pictures and illustrations, pictorial pamphlets, and tracts ; the best Cruikshank, George (1792-1878), English known of these are The Bottle, 8 plates (1847), with its sequel, Drunkard’s Children, 8 plates (1848), with the ambitious work, artist, caricaturist, and illustrator, was born in London on The The Worship of Bacchus, published by subscription after the the 27th September 1792. By natural disposition and artist’s oil painting, now in the National Gallery, London, to which collateral circumstances he may be accepted as the type of it was presented by his numerous admirers. Regarding manual dexterity, George Cruikshank’s technical and the born humoristic artist predestined for this special form manipulative skill as an etcher was such that Ruskin and the best of art. His grandfather had taken up the arts, and his judges have placed his productions in the foremost rank ; in this father, Isaac Cruikshank, followed the painter’s profession. respect his works have been compared favourably with the masterAmidst these surroundings the children were born and pieces of etching. George Cruikshank died at 263 Hampstead Road brought up, their first playthings the materials of the arts on 1st February 1878, aged 86 years. His remains rest in St Paul’s (j. go*.) their father practised. George followed the family tradi- Cathedral. tions with amazing facility, easily surpassing his compeers as Crustacea. Carcinology, as the science of Crustacea an etcher. When the father died, about 1811, George, still is now called, begins with Aristotle, and, making no subin his “ teens,” was already a successful and popular artist. stantia] advance in the days of Pliny, Aelian, Oppian, All his acquisitions were native gifts, and of home-growth; recommences in the 16th century with the writings of outside training, or the serious apprenticeship to art, were Rondelet, Belon, and Gesner. After several authors of dispensed with, under the necessity of working for im- various calibre, such as Friderich Martens, Ray, Swammediate profit. This lack of academic training the artist merdam, Fritsch, had made more or less useful contribuat times found cause to regret, and at some intervals he tions to it, the science in the middle of the 18th century made exertions to cultivate the knowledge obtainable by entered upon its modern phase under the auspices of studying from the antique and drawing from life at the Linnaeus, though without much assistance from that great schools. From boyhood he was accustomed to turn his naturalist in person. His voluminous contemporaries artistic talents to ready account, disposing of designs and Seba and Gronovius were still somewhat mediaeval, while etchings to the printsellers, and helping his father in Pallas of the same date in time was a modern in spirit. forwarding his plates. Before he was twenty his spirited But carcinology at large first took shape and definiteness style and talent had secured popular recognition; the in the last quarter of the 18th century through the contemporary of Gillray, Rowlandson, Aiken, Heath, writings of J. C. Fabricius, beginning with his Systerna Dighton, and the established caricaturists of that genera- Entomologies in 1775. Important aid was rendered also tion, he developed great proficiency as an etcher. Gillray’s by the works of O. F. Muller and J. F. Herbst. During matured and trained skill had some influence upon his the first quarter of the next century a great advance was executive powers, and when the older caricaturist passed made by the numerous writings of Latreille and Leach. away in 1815, George Cruikshank had already taken his From 1828 to 1855 the dominant writers were Henri place as a satirist. Prolific and dexterous beyond his Milne-Edwards, Henrik Krdyer, and J. D. Dana, the first competitors, for a generation he delineated Tories, Whigs, producing his still valuable Histoire naturelle des Crustaces, and Radicals with fine impartiality. Satirical capital came the second his long series of important papers in the Danish to him from every public event,—wars abroad, the enemies Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, and the third, after many preof England (for he was always fervidly patriotic), the camp, liminary essays, his vast report on the Crustacea of the U.S. the Court, the Senate, the Church; low life, high life; the Exploring Expedition under Wilkes. During the same humours of the people, the follies of the great. In this period other notable expeditions collected Crustacea, and wonderful gallery the student may grasp the popular side other eminent observers wrote about them, among wellof most questions which for the time being engaged public known names being those of Guerm-Meneville, Vaughan Thompson, Lucas, Zaddach, Rathke, the two Costas, Harry attention. A vast number of Cruikshank’s spirited cartoons were published Goodsir, Adam White, and Dr Baird. During the next ten as separate caricatures, all coloured by hand ; others formed series, or twelve years, with the older authors for the most part or were contributed to satirical magazines, the Satirist, Town still writing, we find prominent the additional names of