Page:1902 Encyclopædia Britannica - Volume 27 - CHI-ELD.pdf/31

 CHICAGO

HEI GHTS—CHILD

the university, which contains the largest telescope in the world, is situated on Lake Geneva in Wisconsin, 60 miles from Chicago. (w. n. h.) Chicago Heights, a village of Cook county, Illinois, U.S.A., a few miles S. of Chicago, of which it is a suburb. Population (1900), 5100, of whom 1530 were foreign-born and 47 were negroes. Chichester, an ancient Roman city and municipal borough in the Chichester parliamentary division of Sussex, England, about 14 miles ISLE, of Portsmouth by rail. In 1897 a tramway to Selsey Beach was completed, and the town was thoroughly drained in 1894 at a cost of £33,000. The restoration of the cathedral, which was commenced in 1830, is still in progress, the cloisters being the portions most recently restored (1890-91). The city and borough has been twice extended, and in 1901 had an area of 1595 acres. Population (1881), 8149; (1901), 12,241 Chickamauga Creek, a small branch of Tennessee river, joining it about 6 miles above Chattanooga. It gave the name to a desperate battle during the Civil War, fought on 19th and 20th September 1863, between the Federal forces under Rosecrans and the Confederates under Bragg; and after terrible fighting Rosecrans was repulsed. The Union loss was reported at 16,000, that of the Confederates 18,000. The site of this battle has been converted into a national park by the general Government. Chicopee, a city of Hampden county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., situated in 42° 10' IST. lat. and 72° 31' W. long., on Connecticut river, which is here not navigable, and on the Boston and Maine railway, 6 miles IST. of Springfield. It was chartered as a city in 1890, with an area of 26 square miles of level surface, in which there are the three villages of Chicopee Center, Chicopee Falls, and Willimansett. It has fine water-power in Chicopee river, which joins the Connecticut within the city limits, and has extensive cotton mills and factories for iron and steel goods, especially for bicycles, arms, cutlery, and agricultural tools. Population (1880), 11,286; (1890), 14,050; (1900), 19,167, of whom 8139 were foreignborn and 10 were negroes. Chidambaram, or Chelumbrum, a town of British India, in the South Arcot district of Madras, 7 miles from the coast and 151 miles S. of Madras by rail. The population in 1881 was 19,837, and in 1891 it was 18,634; the municipal income in 1897-98 was Rs.23,690. Its temples are among the most famous in Southern India, and attract 60,000 pilgrims every December. The great temple has a court of 1000 pillars, each a solid block of granite, and its roof is covered with copper and gold. There are a high school and three printing-presses. Chi eng Mai (Burm. Zimme), the capital of the Lao state of the same name and the residence of a Siamese high commissioner appointed from Bangkok. This official has jurisdiction over the neighbouring less important states of Lampun, Lakawn-Lampang, Pre, and Nan, each of which, like Chieng Mai itself, retains its hereditary chief, or chao muang, and other hereditary officers. The town, surrounded by the remains of long ineffectual fortifications, is situated on the right bank of the river Meping, one of the chief branches of the Menam, in E. long. 99° 0' and N. lat. 18° 46', in a plain about 800 feet above sea-level, and surrounded by densely forested hill ranges. The population of the town consists chiefly of Lao, with a number of Chinese, Siamese, Shans, and Ka hillmen, and about fifty Europeans, and numbers from

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12,000 to 15,000. The place is growing fast, and a considerable population, probably over 100,000 in number, inhabits the plain in the neighbourhood of the capital. Situated as it is, midway between Moulmein and Yunnan and between the valley of the Menam and the northern Shan states, it has long been of commercial importance; while as the centre of the principal teak forests of Siam it has since 1880 attracted a considerable number of British, Shan, and Burmese foresters. By the treaty of 3rd September 1883 between Siam and Great Britain a British consul resides at Chieng Mai, and an International Court has been constituted, with civil and criminal jurisdiction in all cases in which British subjects are parties. Surveys have been made for railways from both Bangkok (500 miles) and Moulmein (230 miles). The total value of the annual import and export trade with Burma, China, and Bangkok of the consular district of Chieng Mai, is approximately £1,000,000 sterling, excluding teak. The output of teak will probably be somewhat restricted by the conservancy regulations enforced by the Siamese Forest Department. Chihuahua, a state of Mexico, bounded on theN. by the United States, on the W. by Sonora, on the E. by Coahuila, and on the S. by Sonora, Sinaloa, and Durango. It has an area of 87,820 square miles. The population in 1879 was 225,541, and in 1895 it was 262,771, or 3‘0 per square mile. It is divided politically into eighteen departments. Mining and stock-raising are the principal industries, though the agricultural interests are also considerable. The state contains some 200 towns and villages. The exports are principally gold and silver, lead, copper, cattle, sheep, and hides. It is estimated that $90,000,000 (gold) represents the American capital invested in mining. The value of the agricultural products in 1896 was $2,381,565. The capital, Chihuahua, had a population in 1895 of 18,279, and an estimated one in 1898 of 24,000. It is on the Mexican Central railway, 226 miles south of El Paso (Texas) and 6400 feet above sea-level. It is lighted by electricity, has tramways and good sewerage. The principal public buildings are the cathedral, the state palace, and the Hospital Porfirio Diaz. Other important towns are Parral (7269), Ciudad Juarez (6917), and Jimenez (5381). Chi las, an insignificant hill village, dominated by a fort, on the left bank of the Indus, about 50 miles below Bunji. It is situated in 35° 27' N. lat. and 34° 8' E. long., 4100 feet above sea-level. It was occupied by a British force early in 1893, when a determined attack was made on the place by the Kohistanis from the Indus valley districts to the south-west, aided by contingents from Darel and Tangir west of Gilgit and north of the Indus. Its importance consists in its position with reference to the Kashmir-Gilgit route via Astor, which it flanks. It is now connected with Bunji by a metalled road. Chilas is also important from its command of a much shorter and more direct route to Gilgit from the Punjab frontier than that of Kashmir and the Burzil pass. By the Kashmir route Gilgit is 400 miles from the rail-head at Rawal Pindi. By the Khagan route it would be brought 100 miles nearer, but the unsettled condition of the country through which the road passes is at present a bar to its general use. Child, Francis James (1825-1896), American scholar and educationalist, was born in Boston, 1st February 1825. He graduated at Harvard University in 1846, taking the highest rank in his class in all subjects; at once became tutor in mathematics (1846-48); and in 1848 was transferred to a tutorship in history, political economy, and English, serving in that capacity for one