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CREIGHTON poser of Die Wac/it am Rhein), and the war of 1870-71. with great searchings of heart and after anxious consulThe places of worship include a Mennonite church and a tation of friends, he accepted the see of Peterborough. synagogue. Population (1885), 90,236; (1900), 106,887. He threw himself eagerly into his new work, visiting and preaching in every part of his diocese, lecturing in Creighton, Mandell (1843-1901), English great towns and conferring with working men (he became historian and Bishop of London, was born at Carlisle on an Oddfellow that he might be in fuller sympathy with 5th July 1843, being the eldest son of Robert Creighton, them), using his influence with churchmen and dissenters a merchant of that city. He was educated at Durham alike, and in social work of all kinds. Nor did the Grammar School and at Merton College, Oxford, where diocese absorb his energies: he found time to preach he was elected to a postmastership in 1862. He obtained and lecture elsewhere, and to deliver remarkable speeches a first class in classical moderations in 1864, followed by at social functions; he worked hard with Archbishop a first in literce humaniores and a second in law and Benson on the Parish Councils Bill (1894); he became modern history in 1866. In the same year he was elected the first president of the Church Historical Society (1894), fellow of Merton, becoming tutor immediately afterwards. and continued in that office till his death; he took part He was ordained deacon, on his fellowship, in 1870, and in the Laud Commemoration (1895); he represented the priest in 1873; in 1872 he had married Louise, daughter English Church at the coronation of the Tsar (1896). He of Robert von Glehn, a London merchant (herself a writer even found time for academical work, delivering the Hulof several successful books of history), the marriage being sean Lectures (1893-94) and the Rede Lecture (1894) a very happy one. Meanwhile he had rapidly come to at Cambridge, and the Romanes Lecture at Oxford the: fore in the university as a profound student of men (1896). and things, a brilliant teacher, and a wise and trustworthy On the translation of Dr Temple to Canterbury, Bishop friend; and before he left Oxford he had attained to a Creighton was, in accordance with general expectation, position and an influence which was “exceptional and called to London; and his election was confirmed on even pre-eminent.” He had already published several January 15, 1897. In accepting the see he fully realized smaller historical works, but his crowded life left little the immensity of a burden which circumstances had made room for writing; and in 1875, with rare wisdom and exceptionally great. During Dr Temple’s bishopric ritual self-restraint, he left Oxford to become vicar of Embleton, divergencies of all kinds had grown up, which left a very a parish on the coast of Northumberland, near Dunstan- difficult task to his successor. More especially was this burgh, and within reach of the fine library in Bamburgh the case in view of the public clamour on the subject, Keep, with an ancient and beautiful church and a fortified partly political and partly fanatical, which was just then parsonage house. Here he remained for nearly ten years, arising. Of all this agitation Creighton naturally bore devoting himself to his parish and acquiring that intimate the brunt. He set himself to work without undue haste, knowledge of parochial work which afterwards stood him in investigating and experimenting, studying the facts ancl such good stead, taking private pupils, studying and writing, endeavouring to grasp their real significance, and meanas well as taking an active part in diocesan business. while dealing with particular points as they arose. He Amongst his parishioners was Sir George Grey of Fallo- knew how to suffer fools gladly: he knew how to enter den, Home Secretary at the time of the Chartist riots; into a point of view that was not his own. As was only he and Creighton became close friends, and on his death natural, his studied fairness and moderation did not satisfy the vicar wrote a beautiful memoir of him which was partisans on either side; and his efforts towards conciliprivately printed. Here too he planned and wrote the ation, marked by an unusual appreciation of the aims first two volumes of his chief historical work, the History of both parties, laid him open to much misunderstanding. of the Papacy; and it was in part this which led to his His administration has been subjected to hostile criticism being elected in 1884 to the newly founded Dixie Professor- from various and contradictory points of view; but it ship of Ecclesiastical History at Cambridge. Creighton did much, in a period of almost unexampled difficulty, visited Cambridge in the Michaelmas term of 1884, but to preserve peace and foster the spirit of loyalty. He did not come into residence till early in 1885. He found is credited with having suggested the reference to the in his new university, as he said, not a noverca but an Archbishops of the questions of Reservation and the use alma mater, and one perhaps in some ways more con- of Incense; and it was his express direction, when the genial than Oxford. His influence at once made itself hearing took place, that those who appeared on his behalf felt. To him more than to any other was due the reor- should do everything possible to elucidate the truth. He ganization of the historical school at Cambridge, which strained every nerve to induce his clergy to accept his was at first far too narrowly political, on broader and ruling in accordance with the Archbishops’ opinion; but more truly historical lines. His lectures and conversation when, during his last illness, a prosecutor brought proclasses were extraordinarily good, and no man could have ceedings against the clergy of five recalcitrant churches, been more generous in helping students, men and women, the Bishop, on full consideration, and on the advice of than he was. He was a born teacher, and unlike some other his Archdeacons, interposed his veto. One other effort great teachers, he had the gift of imparting truth and on behalf of peace may be mentioned. In accordance kindling enthusiasm without in any way curbing the with a vote of the Diocesan Conference, the Bishop individuality of those who came under his influence. arranged a “Round Table Conference” between repreIn 1886 he combined with other leading historians to sentative members of various parties, to be held at Fulham found the English Historical Review, which during his in October 1900, on “the doctrine of the Holy Eucharist five years of editorship acquired the high standard of and its expression in Ritual,” and a report of its proceedexcellence which it has since maintained. In 1886, too, ings was published with a preface by him. he represented Emmanuel College at the centenary of No mistake could be greater, however, than to regard its offshoot, Harvard College in Massachusetts. Mean- things of this kind as the chief events of his episcopate. while, the vacations were spent at Worcester, where he What concerned him most in them was not the fact of had been nominated a Canon Residentiary in 1885, and agitation against particular usages, but the fact that prinwhere his sermons and courses of historical lectures were ciples of true liberalism seemed to have prevailed so little, greatly valued. In 1891 he was made Canon of Windsor; and that people were so anxious to withhold from others but he never went into residence, for in the same year, the very liberty which they claimed for themselves. The