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CRANBROOK—CREEDE

First Instance, and a Chamber of Commerce, as well as the headquarters of the first Army Corps. The ancient bans of Craiova had the right of striking their coins with their own effigies, whence the designation “ bani ” (centimes) given to the copper coinage of Kumania. The monetary unit “ leu ” (Ao, lion) also comes from this district. The principal exports are cereals and fish, linen, pottery, and leather. The principal trade carried on consists of agricultural products and cattle. Population ( 1895), 41,000; (1900), 45,438, of whom about 3000 are Jews. Cranbrook, Gathorne GathorneHardy, 1st Earl of (1814 ), British statesman, born at Bradford, in Yorkshire, 1st October 1814, was the son of John Hardy, for many years one of the members for the borough. This circumstance seemed to give him a claim upon the suffrages of the electorate, and upon entering upon active political life in 1847, eleven years after his graduation at Oxford, and nine years after his call to the Bar, he offered himself as a candidate, but was unsuccessful. In 1856 he was returned for Leominster, and in 1865 defeated Mr Gladstone at Oxford. In 1866 he became President of the Poor Law Board in Lord Derby’s new administration. When in 1867 Mr Walpole resigned, from dissatisfaction with Mr Disraeli’s Reform Bill, Mr Gathorne-Hardy succeeded him at the Home Office. In 1874 he was Secretary for War; and when in 1878 Lord Salisbury took the Foreign Office upon the resignation of Lord Derby, Viscount Cranbrook (as Mr Hardy became within a month afterwards) succeeded him at the India Office. In Lord Salisbury’s administrations of 1885 and 1886 Lord Oranbrook was President of the Council, and upon his retirement from public life concurrently with the resignation of the Cabinet in 1892 he was raised to an earldom. Cranston, a town of Providence county, Rhode Island, U.S.A., with an area of 30 square miles. It contains several villages, among them Cranston, Pontiac, and Natick. It is traversed by branches of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railway. Population (1880), 5940; (1890), 8099; (1900), 13,343. Crawford, Francis Marion (1854 ), American author, was born at Lucca, Italy, on 2nd August 1854, being the son of the American sculptor Thomas Crawford (long a resident of Italy), and the nephew of Julia Ward Howe, the American poet. He studied successively at St Paul’s School, Concord, New Hampshire ; Cambridge University ; Heidelberg ; and Rome. In 1879 he went to India, where he edited the Allahabad Indian Herald, meanwhile noting the effect of Indian life upon British subjects. Returning to America, he studied Sanscrit and Zend at Harvard University for a year, contributed to various periodicals, and in 1882 produced—at the suggestion of his uncle Samuel Ward, a New York club-man and raconteur—his first novel, Mr Isaacs, a Tale of Modern India, in which he mingled character sketches of two races, romanticism, supernaturalism, and plain realism in a manner which gave the story an immediate place in contemporary fiction. After a brief residence in New York and Boston, Crawford, in 1884, returned to Italy, where he made his permanent home, thenceforward producing volume after volume in rapid succession. An American Politician (1884) may be taken as representative of his tales of American life; A Roman Singer (1884), Saracinesca (1887), and its sequel Sand Ilario (1889), and A Cigarette-Maker’s Romance (1890), being examples of his dealing with Italian subjects ; while of books not fiction the most conspicuous is Ave Roma Immortalis (1898), a survey of the history, architecture, and characteristics of Rome—bird’s-eye views

to which Crawford brought sympathy and knowledge, writing at once as a Roman Catholic and a cosmopolitan. CrawfordsviHe, capital of Montgomery county, Indiana, U.S.A., situated on Sugar Creek, in the western part of the state, at an altitude of 780 feet. It is on three great railway lines, the Yandalia, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St Louis, and the Chicago, Indianapolis, and Louisville. Wabash College, a non-sectarian institution, founded here in 1832, had in 1899 a faculty of 21 professors and an attendance of 189. Population (1880), 5251; (1900), 6649. Creatianism and Traducianism.—Traducianism is the doctrine about the origin of the soul which was taught by Tertullian in his De Anima—that souls are generated from souls in the same way and at the same time as bodies from bodies: Creatianism is the doctrine that God creates a soul for each body that is generated. The Pelagians taunted the upholders of original sin with holding Tertullian’s opinion, and called them Traduciani (from tradux: vid. Du Cange s.vv.), a name which was perhaps suggested by a metaphor in De An. 19, where the soul is described “ velut surculus quidam ex matrice Adam in propaginem deducta.” Hence we have formed “ traducianist,” “traducianism,” and by analogy “creatianist,” “creatianism.” St Augustine denied that Traducianism was necessarily connected with the doctrine of original sin, and to the end of his life was unable to decide for or against it. St Jerome condemned it, and said that the other was the opinion of the Church, though he admitted that most of the Western Christians held Traducianism. The question has never been decided, but Creatianism, which had always prevailed in the East, became the general opinion of the mediaeval theologians, and Peter Lombard’s creando infundit animas Deus et infundendo creat was an accepted formula. Luther, like St Augustine, was undecided, but Lutherans have as a rule been Traducianists. Calvin favoured Creatianism. Peter Lombard’s phrase perhaps shows that even in his time it was felt that some union of the two opinions was needed, and St Augustine’s toleration pointed in the same direction, for the Traducianism he thought possible was one in which God operalur institutas administrando non novas instituendo naturas (Ep. 166. 5. 11). Modern psychologists teach that while “personality” can be discerned in its “ becoming,” nothing is known of its origin. Lotze, however, who may be taken as representing the believers in the immanence of the divine Being, puts forth—but as a “dim conjecture”—something very like Creatianism (Microcosmus, bk. iii. chap. v. ad fin.). It is still, as in the days of St Augustine, a question whether a more exact division of man into body, soul, and spirit may help to throw light on this subject. See indices to Augustine, vol. xi., and Jerome, vol. xi., in Migne’s Patrologia, s.v. “Anima” ; Delitzsch, Biblical Psychology, ii. § 7 ; sections on “Tertullian and Pelagianism” in Neander’s Hist. Ch.-, Liddon, Elements of Religion, Lect. iii.; Mason, Faith of the Gospel, iv. §§ 3, 4, 9, 10. ^ Creditor!, a market-town in the South Molton parliamentary division of Devonshire, England, on the Greedy, 8 miles north-west of Exeter by rail. The ancient church has been restored, and in 1897 Crediton became the head of a suffragan bishopric. Recent structures are a temperance hall, the town-hall (rebuilt), and water-works. Tanning and the making of confectionery and cider have been introduced. Area of urban district, 947 acres. Population (1881), 4165; (1901), 3974. Creede, capital of Mineral county, Colorado, U.S.A., situated in a narrow canon tributary to the Rio Grande, in the San Juan Mountains, in the south-western part of the state. It owes its existence to rich silver mines developed in 1891 in its vicinity. Within two years it had acquired a population of several thousands, and a branch of