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232 private initiative. Thus while we sometimes find voluntary association advocated as a step towards, and sometimes on the other hand as a substitute for and bulwark against state-socialism, we find in practice these two forces working each in its own sphere and in a manner complementary one to the other, while underlying and essential to both is the force of individual action and self-help.

Amongst minor but still important developments may be

of 3 per cent., and an average density of 109 persons per square mile. This decrease is attributed partly to the decline of the coffee industry, and partly to the high mortality among immigrant coolies. The indigenous population increased by no less than 16 per cent., while the immigrant population decreased by 29 per cent. In 1897, which was an exceptionally unhealthy year, the registered death-rate was as high as 50·38 per thousand. Classified according to religion and race, the indigenous Coorgs numbered 32,611; Hindus, 124,234; Mahommedans, 12,665; native Christians, 2931; Europeans, 249; Eurasians, 212; Jains, 114; Parsis, 39. In 1901 the population was 180,461, showing an increase of 4 per cent.

mentioned the steady growth of co-operative production in France; the co-operative labour gangs, or rather societies, which undertake building and navvying work in Italy; the socialist co-operation, which supports political organizations, a press, and members of parliament, in Belgium; and the letting out of railway construction to co-operative groups of workmen in New Zealand and Victoria. It has been roughly estimated that altogether the members of one or other branch of co-operation number 6,000,000, representing with their families a population of 25,000,000 people.

The gross revenue in 1897-98 was Rs.8,38,000, and the total expenditure Rs. 5,73,100. The cultivated area is

History of Co-operation in England. London, 1875-79.—Idem. History of the Rochdale

206,541 acres, of which 95,247 are under rice and 86,155

Pioneers. London, 1893.—Idem. Self-Help a Hundred Years Ago.

under coffee. The total area assessed for coffee is 106,611

London, 1891.—Idem. Co-operative Movement To-day. London.

acres, of which 31,732 acres are held by European

1891.—Beatrice Potter. Co-operative Movement in Great

planters. Some abandoned coffee land has been planted

Britain. London, 1891.—H. D. Acland and B. Jones. Working

Men Co-operators. London, 1891.—Benjamin Jones. Co-operative

with tea, as an experiment. The cultivation of cinchona

Production. London, 1894.—H. D. Lloyd. Labor Co-partnership.

has proved unprofitable. The total exports are estimated

London and New York, 1898.—D. F. Schloss. Report on Con-

at Rs.22,49,000, including 2462 tons of coffee, valued at

tracts given out by Public Authorities to Associations of Workmen.

Rs.19,69,600. The imports are estimated at Rs.29,02,000.

London: Board of Trade, 1896.—Idem. Report on Profit Sharing.

There is no railway. In 1896-97 the number of schools

London: Board of Trade, 1894. See also yearly additions, &c., in the Labour Gazette.—Idem. Methods of Industrial Remunera-

was 120, attended by 5115 pupils. The proportion of

tion. 2nd edition, London, 1894.—Lloyd Jones. Life and Times

boys at school was 30 per cent. of those of school-going

of Robert Owen. London, 1890.—N. P. Gilman. Profit Sharing.

age, compared with 2-3 per cent, for all India; the propor-

London, 1892.—Idem. A Dividend to Labour. London, 1900.—E. O. Greening. The Co-operative Traveller Abroad. London,

tion of girls was 7 per cent., compared with 2·3 per cent.

1888.— Chief Registrar of Friendly Societies. Annual

for all India. There are no colleges, but 24 scholarships

Reports on Industrial and Provident Societies. London.—Board

are given to maintain Coorg students at colleges in Madras

of Trade. Second Annual Abstract of Foreign Labour Statistics.

and Mysore. There are two secondary schools, at Mercara

London, 1901.—Idem. Seventh Annual Abstract of Labour

and Virajendrapet, with 647 pupils, two printing-presses,

Statistics of the United Kingdom, 1901.—Idem. Report on Workmen's Co-operative Societies in the United Kingdom, 1901.

one of which issues the Coorg Gazette, and seven dispensaries.

Annual Reports of the Co-operative Union, Ltd. (Manchester), and

Copan.—Since the time of Stephens this ruined city

many pamphlets published by the Union.—Annual Reports and Pamphlets of the Labour Association for promoting Co-operative of the Mayas in North Honduras has again been several Production, &c., London. — Co- operative Wholesale Societies' times visited by Mr A. P. Maudsley during the eighth and Annual, Manchester and Glasgow.—Year Books of Co-operative ninth decades of the 19th century. His chief finds have Productive Federation, Ltd., London, yearly.—Annual Reports of Irish Agricultural Organization Society, Dublin.—E. T. been some elaborately sculptured monoliths, standing still Craig. History of Ralahine. London, 1893.—Report of the Recess erect, or inclined like the Tower of Pisa, and a fine ornaCommittee (Ireland). Dublin and London, 1896.—Reports of mental doorway of a temple. He has also made the imthe Department of Agriculture. Wellington, New Zealand, 1899, portant discovery that all the truncated pyramidal mounds &c. — International Co - operative Alliance. Reports of First and other International Co-operative Congresses. London, were at one time crowned with temples, and are thus 1896, &c.—Idem. Statistics of Co-operative Societies in Various shown to be of the same character as those at Uxmal, Countries. London, 1898.—H. W. Wolff. People's Banks, 2nd Chichen - Itza, and other places in Yucatan, i.e., teocalli, edition. London, 1896.—Aneurin.Williams. Relation of Co- “ God’s Houses,” like the pyramids of Cholula, Teotihuacan, operative Movement to National and International Commerce. Co- and Papantla in Mexico. Drawings, castings, and ruboperative Union, Manchester, 1896. — De Rocquigny. La Co-operation de Production dans VAgriculture. Paris, 1896.— bings were taken of several of the monuments, and are Bernadot. Le Familistere de Guise. Guise, 1893.—Trombert. published in the Biologia Centrali - Americana. ProGuide Pratique de la Participation. Paris, 1892.—Merlin. fessor Eduard Seler of Berlin also explored the place in Les Associations Ouvrieres et Patronales, &c. Paris, 1899.— 1897, that is, less than three years after Maudsley’s last Jaerboek van den Nederlandschen Cobperatieven Bond. The Hague, 1901. —Mabilleau and others. La Prevoyamce Sociale visit, and found that in that short interval many of the en Italic. Paris, 1898.—Sulle Associazioni Co-operative in Italia. remains had again become so thickly moss-grown that it was Rome, Government Report, 1890.—Statistica delle Societd difficult to distinguish their outlines, while the forest clearings Co-operative. Rome, Government Reports, 1895 and 1900.— Niccoli. Co-operative Rurali. Milan, 1899.—Cruger. Jahrbuch made by former explorers to reach the sites of the ancient des Allgemeinen Verbandes, &c. (German Statistics). Berlin, buildings were once more overgrown with dense bush. yearly.—CarlWrabetz. Jahresbericht, &c. (Austrian Statistics). Copenhagen (Danish, Kjobenhavn, “ the merVienna, yearly. (A. Wl* ) chants’ haven ”), the capital of Denmark, situated in CoOTgf {Kodagu = steep mountains), a province of 55° 41' 13" N. lat. and 12° 34' 44" E. long. Since India, administered by a Commissioner, subordinate to the 1875 the population has doubled itself, and in 1901, Governor-General through the Kesident of Mysore, who is inclusive of the suburbs, amounted to 491,340. Not officially also Chief Commissioner of Coorg. It lies in the only has the city grown in extent also during this south of the peninsula, on the plateau of the Western Ghats, period, but considerable public improvements have been sloping inland towards Mysore. It is now an attractive effected, the only alteration in the opposite direction field of coffee cultivation, though the “greater part is still being the destruction of the palace of Christiansborg under forest. The administrative headquarters are at by fire in 1884. Fortunately most of the art treaMercara (population, 7034). sures which the palace contained were saved, but the Its area is 1583 square miles. In 1881 the population edifice still remains a roofless ruin. The new public was 178,302; in 1891 it was 173,055, showing a decrease buildings are mostly found on the strip of land on which