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CONGLETON — CONGO

has been a safeguard against improper nominations, e.g., in the case of Dr Clarke the Arian, confirmation has never been refused since the Reformation. In 1628 Dr Rives, acting for the vicar-general, declined to receive objections made to Richard Montague’s election to the see of Chichester on the ground that they were not made in legal form. An informal protest against the confirmation of Dr Prince Lee of Manchester in 1848 was almost immediately followed by another in due form against that of Dr Hampden, elect of Hereford. The vicar-general refused to receive the objections, and an application to the Qpeen’s Bench for a mandamus was unsuccessful, the judges being divided, two against two. In 1869, at the confirmation of Dr Temple’s election as Bishop of Exeter, the vicargeneral heard counsel on the question whether he could receive objections, and decided that he could not. When the same prelate was elected to Canterbury, the course here laid down was followed, as also at the confirmation of Dr Creighton’s election to the see of London. Objections were again raised, in 1902, against Dr Gore, elect of Worcester ; and an application was made to the King’s Bench for a mandamus against the archbishop and his vicargeneral when the latter declined to entertain them. By a unanimous judgment (10th February) the Court, consisting of the L. C. J. (Lord Alverstone) and Justices Wright and Ridley, refused the mandamus. Without deciding that objections {e.g., to the identity of the elect, or the genuineness of documents) could never be investigated by the vicargeneral or the archbishop, it held that they could not even entertain objections of the kind alleged. Formerly the archbishop had the right of option, i.e., of choosing any one piece of preferment in the gift of a bishop confirmed by him, and bestowing it upon whom he would; but this has been held to be abolished by a clause in the Cathedral Act (3 & 4 Yict. c. 113, s. 42). And the election of a dean by a cathedral chapter used to receive the bishop’s confirmation (Oughton, Ordo Judiciorum, No. cxxvii.). Authokities.—Thomassinus, Vet us et Nova DiscipUna, pars II. lib. ii. tit. 1-4.—Gibson. Codex juris ecclesiastici anglicani, tit. i. cap. 5.—R. Jebb. Report of the Hampden Case. London, 1849.— Phillimore. Ecclesiastical Law, pp. 36-47. London, 1895.— Art. “The Confirmation of Archbishops and Bishops” in the Guardian for Jan. 20, 1897, pp. 106-7.—Judgment in the Gore Case, in the Guardian for Feb. 12,’ 1902,’ rr pp. 234 ff. (W. E. Co.; Congleton, a municipal borough and markettown of England, on the Dane, 8 miles south-south-west of Macclesfield, in the Macclesfield parliamentary division of the county of Chester. Station on the North Staffordshire Railway, and situated on the Macclesfield Canal. The town is divided into three wards, under 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. There are four Ecclesiastical parish churches and a Roman Catholic church. A Congregational chapel was erected in 1877, and a Unitarian chapel in 1883. A Primitive Methodist chapel was rebuilt in 1890. There are Church of England, a Roman Catholic, and Wesleyan schools. The industries include fustian, towel, couch, chair, and nail factories, iron and brass foundries, stone quarries, and corn mills. Area of municipal borough, 2572 acres. Population (1881), 11,116; (1891), 10,744; (1901), 10,706. Congo, formerly known also as Zaire, the largest and second in length of the rivers of Africa, and second in size of all the rivers of the world, with a length of probably at least 3000 miles, and a drainage area, according to the calculation of Dr Bludau, of 1,425,000 square miles. This vast area, measuring some 1400 miles in either diameter, falls from all sides to the Equatorial basin by which the interior plateaux of Africa are broken in the west, and

which seems once to have been occupied by an inland sea, having its deepest part somewhat south of the Equator, and in about 17°-18J E. To the west and north this basin is bounded by comparatively narrow bands of higher ground, while to the east and south the drainage area of the river includes considerable portions of the high plateau lands of East and South Africa. The main drainage of the Congo system is thus to the north and west, and these two directions dominate the great sweep of the main stream before it is deflected south on approaching the western highlands, through which it finally forces a way to the Atlantic Ocean. From the high lands of the south and east the land falls in a succession of steps, generally marked by gorges or rapids in the course of the streams. Many of these occur along a line of broken country, sometimes known as the Mitumba Mountains, which previous to the cutting of the gorges may have held back a series of extensive lakes, now in great part drained, in the upper valleys of the separate streams. Head-Streams.—The most remote of these, the Chambezi, rises, with the Chozi and other feeders, on the southern versant of the high plateau between Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika, at an elevation of about 5000 feet above the sea. Its source is placed by Mr L. A. Wallace in about 9° 6' S., 31° 20'E., while the Chozi rises in the same latitude about half a degree to the east. After the junction of the two streams, the Chambezi skirts the southern borders of the Awemba country, receiving many tributaries, and soon becoming a wide river with steep wooded banks and many islands. The river enters Lake Bangweulu at its southeast corner, the actual mouth being apparently choked with aquatic vegetation, through which narrow channels admit the passage of canoes. When seen in 1899 by Codrington, about 15 miles from the lake, it had a width of 2 miles and a depth of 19 feet, the altitude being here 3800 feet. Near the south point of Bangweulu, in 11° 31' S., the Luapula makes its exit through a vast marsh, w ith isolated lakelets, the whole of which was surveyed by Weatherley in 1896-99. In about 12|° S. the Luapula, after receiving the Luombwa and Moengashe from the south, turns north and precipitates itself down the Mumbotuta Falls, the thunder of which can be heard on a still night 8 or 9 miles. The river, the width of which varies from 250 to 1200 yards, is almost unnavigable until below the Johnston Falls (Mambilima of the natives), a series of rapids extending from 10° 46' to 10° 33' S. Before entering Lake Mweru the Luapula again passes through a swampy region of deltaic character, the wrater escaping eastwards by various channels, and after spreading over a wide area, finally passing into Mweru by lagoon-like channels east of the main Luapula mouth. The most southerly portion of the lake, a shallow bay extending to south., lies west of the Luapula, from which it is separated by a tongue of land. Although generally deeper than Bangweulu, Mweru (2800 feet) seems to have decreased in extent, the cliffs to the wTest being bordered by a strip of low ground once covered with water. The Luapula (known also as the Lufira) makes its exit at the north-wrest corner of the lake, and bending westwards in a w inding course, passes, with many rapids, across the zone of the Mitumba Mountains, falling during this interval nearly 1000 feet. Practically the whole course of the river has been explored by Captain Hinde, Lieutenant Brasseur, and others, with the result that the lake formerly marked on the maps as Lange or Ulenge is proved to be non-existent. In about 6° 40' S. the Luapula joins the Kamolondo, the western main branch of the Upper Congo, which, as it flows in a broad level valley at a lower level than the eastern branch, is held by some to be the true head-stream. Four principal streams— the Kuleshe, Lubudi, Nzilo or Lualaba, and Lufira, all