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 C O I M B R A — COLE 133 missionary bodies and literary institutions, and four Authorities.—A. Eichhorn. Episcopatus Curiensis. St printing-presses. There is one cotton mill, with 20,384 Blasien, 1797.—W. V. Juvalt. Forschungen ilber die Feudalzeit im Curisehen Raetien. Zurich, 2 parts, 1871.—C. Kind. Die spindles, employing 1000 hands. in den Bisthumern Chur und Como. Coire, 1858. The district op Coimbatore has an area of 7860 Reformation Conradin von Moor. Geschichte von Curraetien, 2 vols. Coire, square miles. The population in 1891 was 2,004,839, 1870-74.—P. C. von Planta. Das alte Raetien. Berlin, 1872! being 255 persons per square mile. In 1901 the —Ibid. Die Curraetischen Herrschaften in der Feudalzeit. Bern, population was 2,202,312, showing an increase of 10 1881.—7?hc7. Verfassungsgeschichte der Stadt Cur im Mittelalter. per cent. The land revenue and rates were Rs.33,82,127, Coire, 1879.—Ibid. Geschichte von Graubiinden. Bern, 1892. the incident of assessment being 11. 1-2-5 per acre; Colchester, a municipal and parliamentary the number of police was 906. In 1897-98, out of borough (coextensive; since 1885 returning only one a total cultivated area of 2,266,851 acres, 390,262 member) and seaport of Essex, England, on the Colne and were irrigated, including 74,973 from Government the Great Eastern Railway. The ancient church of the Holy canals. The principal crops are millet, rice, other food Trinity has been restored, and St Runwald’s removed. grain, pulse, oilseeds, cotton, and tobacco, with a little Recent erections are a new bridge over the Colne, assembly coffee. Forests cover nearly 1| million acres, yielding rooms, a corn exchange, a town-hall, a technical and valuable timber (teak, sandal-wood, &c.), and affording university extension college, a drill-hall, a reading-room, grazing ground for cattle. There are eight factories for a library, a dozen almshouses, and a new cattle market. pressing cotton, and two for cleaning coffee, two oilcake The Essex and Colchester general hospital has been presses, three tanneries with an outturn valued at enlarged. Castle Park, of 9 acres, containing Colchester Rs.50,00,000, a sugar refinery, and 822 saltpetre refin- Castle, was opened in 1892. The harbour was taken eries. The south-west line of the Madras Railway runs over by the corporation in 1898. The oyster fisheries through the district. In 1896-97 the number of schools belonging to the corporation are held on a ninety-nine was 1242, attended by 35,477 pupils, being one pupil to years’ lease by the Colne Fishery Company, incorporated every 57 of the total population. The registered death-rate under an Act of 1870. The registered shipping at the in 1897 was 20T per thousand. end of 1900 consisted of 157 vessels of 4717 tons. In 1900, 537 vessels of 38,731 tons entered, and 505 of Coimbra, a city and episcopal see of Portugal, 34,338 tons cleared. These entrances and clearances do capital of district Coimbra, on the right bank of the not include those of vessels trading between Colchester Mondego, about 24 miles above its mouth. It has a and London or other ports on the estuary of the scientific and literary institute. The average attendance Thames. Area, 11,331 acres. Population (1881), 28,374; at the university is 1350 students annually. There are (1891), 34,559; (1901), 38,351. manufactures of earthenware, hats, and leather; and lamprey fishing is important. Population (1900), 18,424. Colchester, a town of Chittenden county, VerThe district of Coimbra has an area of 1499 square miles, mont, U.S.A., on the Lake Champlain. The principal and a population of 333,505, giving a density of 211 village of the town is Winooski, on Onion river, a few inhabitants to the square mile. It has a fertile soil, and miles above its mouth, and on the Central Vermont Railproduces millet and wine, and possesses large herds of way, at an altitude of 326 feet. Population (1880), 4421 ; cattle. At Cape Mondego coal is mined. (1890), 5143; (1900), 5352. Coinage.

See Numismatics.

Co ire, or Chur (often now spelt “Cur”), the capital of the Swiss canton of the Orisons or Graubiinden. It is 1952 feet above the level of the sea. The new Raetian Museum has many antiquities, books, &c., relating to ancient Raetia, and includes also the geological collection of the monk Placidus a Spescha, who about 100 years ago thoroughly explored his native country. Father Theodosius, the founder of the hospital, died in 1865, and has a monument in front of the cathedral. Population, 9259 _ in 1888, and 11,513 in 1900. In 1888 Coire contained 6518 Romanists and 2729 Protestants, while 7799 spoke German and 1158 Romonsch. The see of Coire dates probably from the second half of the 4th century, and the first known bishop, Asimo, is mentioned in 455. In the troubled times of the 8th century the bishops were also great temporal lords, while in 831 Louis the Pious granted the bishop “immunity” for his territories, so that henceforth he was dependent simply on the empire. In 1170 he became a prince of the holy Roman Empire, and later extended his power over many of the neighbouring regions. In 1392 he became the chief of the “League of the House of God,” originally formed in 1367 against him by his chapter, the city of Coire, &c. In 1526, by the articles of Ilanz,” the bishop lost all his temporal possessions and rights, having, so to speak, fulfilled his historical role of bringing together the elements of one of the three Raetian leagues that in 1803 formed the canton of the prisons. The guild constitution of the city of Coire lasted from 1465 to 1839.

Cold Harbor, a village of Hanover county, Virginia, U.S.A., 10 miles north-east of Richmond. It was the scene of a succession of battles, June 1, 2, and - 3, 1864, between the Union army under Grant and the Confederate forces under Lee. The Union troops, who took the offensive in most of the fighting, lost heavily, the total number being reported at 12,738. Cold Storage. See Refrigerating Machinery. Coldwater, capital of Branch county, Michigan, U.S.A., situated in the south of the lower peninsula, on the east branch of Coldwater river, and on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad, at an altitude of 982 feet. Population (1880), 4681; (1900), 6216. Cole, Sir Henry (1808-1882), the English public servant whose name will always be associated with the early organization of “South Kensington,” was born at Bath on 15th July 1808, and was the son of an officer in the army. At the age of fifteen he became clerk to Sir Francis Palgrave, then a subordinate officer in the Record Office, and, helped by Charles Buffer, to whom he had been introduced by Thomas Love Peacock, and who became chairman of a Royal Commission for inquiry into the condition of the public records, worked his way up until he became an assistant keeper. He largely assisted in influencing public opinion in support of Sir Rowland Hill’s reforms at the Post Office. A connexion with the Society of Arts caused him to drift gradually out of the Record Office : he was a leading member of the Commission that organized the great Exhibition of 1851, and upon the conclusion of its labours was made secretary to