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 CLIFTON —0 LYDEBANK him by his contemporaries. He impressed every one as a Kansas City, Fort Scott, and Memphis, and the Kansas man of extraordinary acuteness and originality; and these City, Osceola, and Southern. Population (1880), 2868; solid gifts were set off to the highest advantage by (1890), 4737 ; (1900), 5061. quickness of thought and speech, a lucid style, wit Clinton, a town of Worcester county, Massachusetts, and poetic fancy, and a social warmth which made him U.S.A., situated near the centre of the state, on branches of delightful as a friend and companion. His powers, as the Boston and Maine, and the New York, New Haven, and a mathematician were of the highest order. It harmonizes Hartford Railways, at an altitude of 308 feet. It is small with the concrete visualizing turn of his mind that, to in area, containing but 7 square miles of hilly surface. The quote Professor Henry Smith, “Clifford was above all and village of Clinton is on Nashua river, and has extensive before all a geometer.” In this he was an innovator manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, wire-cloth, and against the excessively analytic tendency of Cambridge iron and steel. Population (1880), 8029 ; (1900), 13,667. mathematicians. Among his best papers are those “ On Cliiheroe, a municipal borough and market town the Theory of Distances ” and “ On the Classification of Loci.” In his theory of graphs, or geometrical representa- in the Clitheroe parliamentary division (since 1885) of tions of algebraic formulae, there are valuable suggestions Lancashire, England, on the Ribble, 20 miles south-west of which have been worked out by others. He was much in- Burnley by rail and 12 miles by road. A public hall has terested too in those curious investigations into imaginary been erected, and in 1895 Clitheroe Castle, formerly extrakinds of space by Gauss, Riemann, and Lobatschewsky, parochial, became part of Clitheroe borough. Area, 2381 which suggest thoughts upon the ultimate nature and acres; population (1881), 10,177 ; (1901), 11,414. source of mathematical truth. As a philosopher Clifford’s Clonmel, an inland town, in the province of name is chiefly associated with two phrases of his coining, Munster, Ireland, on the river Suir, 104 miles south-west “ mind-stuff” and the “ tribal self.” The former symbolizes of Dublin, on the Waterford, Limerick, and Western Railhis metaphysical conception, which was suggested to him way. It ceased to be a parliamentary borough in 1885, by his reading of Spinoza. “Briefly put,” says Sir F. and in 1898 the portion situated in Waterford was added Pollock, “ the conception is that mind is the one ultimate to Tipperary. By the Local Government Act, 1898, the reality ; not mind as we know it in the complex forms of borough retains its mayor and corporation, which, howconscious feeling and thought, but the simpler elements ever, has now practically the status of an urban district out of which thought and feeling are built up. The hypo- council. It is an agricultural centre, and there are thetical ultimate element of mind, or atom of mind-stuff, frequent fairs. Population (1881), 9325 ; (1891), 8480; precisely corresponds to the hypothetical atom of matter, (1901), 10,163. The area of the borough was recently being the ultimate fact of which the material atom is the extended and now comprises 1301 acres. phenomenon. Matter and the sensible universe are the Closure. See Parliament. relations between particular organisms, that is, mind organized into consciousness, and the rest of the world. Clove I ly, a fishing village of Devonshire, England, This leads to results which would in a loose and popular which climbs up the sides of a rocky cleft of the steep sense be called materialist. But the theory must, as a (400 feet) south coast of Barnstaple Bay, 11 miles west metaphysical theory, be reckoned on the idealist side. To from Bideford. Its quaintness and the charm of its surspeak technically, it is an idealist monism.” The other roundings make it a favourite excursion from Ilfracombe. phrase, “tribal self,” gives the key to Clifford’s ethical Dickens describes the place in A Message from the Sea. view, which explains conscience and the moral law by the Population (1901), 621. development in each individual of a “ self,” which preClyde, The, a river and firth of Scotland. The river scribes the conduct conducive to the welfare of the “ tribe.” rises as the Daer water in the parish of Crawford, LanarkMuch of Clifford’s contemporary prominence was due to shire, 1600 feet above sea-level. Its length from that point his attitude towards religion. Animated by an intense to Dumbarton, where the firth may be taken to begin, is love of truth and devotion to public duty, he waged war 106 miles, and the drainage area is estimated at 1481 square on such ecclesiastical systems as seemed to him to favour miles. At Lanark (61 miles) it is broken by four falls, obscurantism, and to put the claims of sect above those which occur within a distance of 3-|- miles, the river deof human society. The alarm was greater, as theology was scending in that space 230 feet, or about 61 feet in the still unreconciled with the Darwinian theory ; and Clifford mile. Thence to the sea the fall is about 4 feet and a ^ inch was regarded as a dangerous champion of the anti-spiritual in the mile. The firth measures about 64 miles from tendencies then imputed to modern science. (h. St.) Dumbarton to Ailsa Craig, an island lying, between Girvan on the Ayrshire coast and the Mull of Kintyre in ArgyllClifton. See Bristol. Clinton, capital of Clinton county, Iowa, U.S.A., shire, and its breadth varies from a mile at Dumbarton to situated in 41° 51' N. lat. and 90° IF W. long., on the 37 miles on a line drawn through Ailsa Craig. In depth west bank of the Mississippi river, at an altitude of 589 it varies from a minimum of 22 feet (in the navigable feet. It is entered by four great railway systems, the channel) at Dumbarton to 99 fathoms between Ardlamont Burlington, Cedar Rapids, and Northern, the Chicago, and Kintyre. The tide ascends above Glasgow, to which Burlington, and Quincy, the Chicago and North-Western, its rise is to be limited by the construction of a weir, and the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St Paul Railways, and it replacing an older one which was destroyed in 1884. is in the main a commercial city. The Mississippi is here Head ports are Glasgow, Port-Glasgow, Greenock, crossed by a fine iron bridge, some 4000 feet in length. Ardrossan, Irvine, Troon, Ayr, and Campbeltown. Clinton is the site of Wartburg College, a Lutheran instiClydebank, a police burgh of Dumbartonshire, tution. Population (1880), 9052; (1890), 13,619. By Scotland, on the right bank of the Clyde, 6f miles, from the addition of the city of Lyons in 1895 the population Glasgow by road. There are eight stations. Shipbuilding was increased to 23,377, and in 1900 it was 22,698. works were planted in 1875 in a purely rural district, and Clinton, capital of Henry county, Missouri, U.S.A., were followed by a large sewing-machine factory. In 1886 situated in 38° 23' N. lat. and 93° 46' W. long., in the the villages of Dalmuir and Yoker and Kilbowie were western part of the state, at an altitude of 800 feet. It formed into a burgh, and the municipality is one of the has three railways, the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas, the most enterprising in Scotland. The works and factory each

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