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CLERMONT-FERRAND —CLEVELAND

from which he made a play, acted many hundred times with John T. Raymond as “Colonel Sellers.” In 1875 he published Tom Sawyer, the sequel to which, Huckleberry Finn, did not appear until 1884. The result of a second visit to Europe was humorously recorded in A Tramp Abroad, published in 1882, in which year he also issued a more or less historical romance, The Prince and the Pauper; and a year later came Life on the Mississippi. Huckleberry Finn, the next of his books, was published (in 1884) by a firm in which the author was chief partner. This firm prospered for a while, and issued in 1889 Mark Twain’s own comic romance, A Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur's Court, and in 1892 a less successful novel, The American Claimant. But after a severe struggle the publishing house failed, leaving the author charged with its very heavy debts. Since this disaster he has issued

Samuel Clemens. (From a photo by Elliott and Fry, London.) a third Mississippi Yalley novel, Pudd’nhead Wilson, in 1894, and in 1896 another historical romance, Joan of Arc, wherein the maid is treated with the utmost sympathy and reverence. He went on a tour round the world, partly to make money by lecturing and partly to get material for another book of travels, published in 1897, and called in America Following the Equator, and in England More Tramps Abroad. From time to time he had collected into volumes his scattered sketches; of these the first, The Jumping Frog, appeared in 1867, and the latest, The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg, in 1900. To be recorded also is a volume of essays and literary criticisms, How to Tell a Story, printed in 1897. A complete edition of his works was published in twenty-two volumes in 1899-1900 by the American Publishing Company of Hartford. And in this last year, having paid off all his debts, he returned to America to be most cordially welcomed by his fellowcountrymen. Mark Twain is commonly considered as a humorist, and no doubt he is a humorist of a remarkable comic force and of a refreshing fertility. But the books in which his humour is broadly displayed, the travels and the sketches,

are not really so significant of his power as the three novels of the Mississippi, Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, and PuddlnheadWilson, wherein we have preserved a vanished civilization, peopled with typical figures, and presented with inexorable veracity. There is no lack of humour in them, and there is never a hint of affectation in the writing; indeed, the author, doing spontaneously the work nearest to his hand, was very likely unconscious that he was making a contribution to history. But such Huckleberry Finn is, beyond all question; it is a story of very varied interest, now comic, now almost tragic, frequently poetic, unfailingly truthful, although not always sustained at its highest level. And in these three works of fiction there are not only humour and pathos, character and truth, there is also the largeness of outlook on life such as we find only in the works of the masters. Beneath his fun-making we can discern a man who is fundamentally serious, and whose ethical standards are ever lofty. Like Cervantes at times, Mark Twain reveals a depth of melancholy beneath his playful humour, and like Moliere always, he has a deep scorn and a burning detestation of all sorts of sham and pretence, a scorching hatred of humbug and hypocrisy. Like Cervantes and like Molierc, he is always sincere and direct. (b. m.) Clermorst-Ferrand, chief town of department Puy-de-D6me, 261 miles south of Paris by rail. It is the headquarters of the 13th army corps, and there are a commercial museum and a meteorological observatory. Amongst the principal manufactures are india-rubber goods and alimentary pastes; textile industries are no longer important. It has mineral waters in repute locally. Population (1881), 32,256; (1896), 38,913, (comm.) 43,688; (1901), 52,933. Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon (1846 ), French orientalist, the son of a sculptor of some repute, was born in/ Paris, 19th February 1846. After an education at the Ecole des Langues Orientales, he entered the diplomatic service as dragoman to the consulate at Jerusalem, and afterwards at Constantinople. He laid the foundation of his reputation by his discovery (in 1870) of the “stele” of Mesha, which bears the oldest Semitic inscription known. In 1874 he was employed by the British Government to take charge of an archaeological expedition to Palestine, and was subsequently entrusted by his own Government with similar missions to Syria and the Red Sea. He was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1875. After serving as vice-consul at Jaffa from 1880 to 1882, he returned to Paris as “SecretaireInterprMe ” for oriental languages, and in 1886 was appointed consul of the first class. y He subsequently accepted the post of director of the Ecole des Langues Orientales and professor at the College de France. In 1889 he was elected a member of the Academic des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, of which he had been a correspondent since 1880. His chief publications, besides a number of contributions to journals, are :—Palestine Inconnue (1886), Etudes d’Archeologie Orientate (1880, &c.), Les Fraudes Archeologiques (1885), Recueil d’Archeologie Orientate (1885, &c.), Album d'Antiquites Orientales (1897, &c.). He was principally instrumental in exposing the famous Shapira forgeries of Hebrew texts. Cleveland, the seventh largest city in the United States, and the largest of the state of Ohio, situated at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, on the southern shore of Lake Erie, in lat. 41° 30' K and long. 81° 47' W. Divided unequally by the river, it stretches along the shore for 10 miles, with a maximum depth of 6 miles. It is connected by steamship lines with all the lake ports