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 CLEMENS

ROMANES — CLEMENS

of his influence, and several factors now contributed to his decline. The split in the Eadical party over Boulangism weakened his hands, and its collapse made his help unnecessary to the moderate republicans. A further misfortune occurred in the Panama affair, Clemenceau’s relations with Cornelius Herz leading to his being involved in the general suspicion; and, though he remained the leading spokesman of French Eadicalism, his hostility to the Russian alliance so increased his unpopularity that in the election for 1893 he was defeated for the Chamber, after having sat in it continuously since 1876. After his defeat for the Chamber, M. Clemenceau confined his political activities to journalism, his career being further overclouded—so far as any possibility of regaining his old ascendancy was concerned—by the long-drawn-out Dreyfus case, in which he took an active and honourable part as a supporter of M. Zola and an opponent of the anti-Semitic and Rationalist campaign. He was the founder of the newspaper L1 Aurore, in which M. Zola published his famous open letter “ J’accuse,” and thus prepared the way for the revision of the first Dreyfus trial Clemens Roman US (see AVicy. £rit., ninth ed., vol. ii. p. 195). Further knowledge requires a restatement of the facts concerning the Epistle of Clement of Rome to the Corinthians. This epistle was occasioned by a dispute in the Church of Corinth, which had led to the ejection of several presbyters from their office. It does not contain Clement’s name, but is addressed by “ the Church of God which sojourneth in Rome to the Church of God which sojourneth in Corinth.” But there is no reason for doubting the universal tradition which ascribes it to Clement, or the generally accepted date, c. a.d. 96. No claim is made by the Roman Church to interfere on any ground of superior rank; yet it is noteworthy that in the earliest document outside the canon which we can securely date, the Church in the imperial city comes forward as a peacemaker to compose the troubles of a Church in Greece. Nothing is known of the cause of the discontent ; no moral offence is charged against the presbyters, and their dismissal is regarded by Clement as high-handed and unjustifiable, and as a revolt of the younger members of the community against the elder. After a laudatory account of the past conduct of the Corinthian Church, he enters upon a denunciation of vices and a praise of virtues, and illustrates his various topics by copious citations from the Old Testament scriptures. Thus he paves the way for his tardy rebuke of present disorders, which he reserves until two - thirds of his epistle is completed. Clement is exceedingly discursive, and his letter reaches twice the length of the Epistle to the Hebrews. Many of his general exhortations are but very indirectly connected with the practical issue to which the epistle is directed. Indeed, his latest editor, Rudolf Knopf, is convinced that he was drawing largely upon the homiletical material with which he was accustomed to edify his Roman congregation. This view receives some support from the long liturgical prayer at the close, which almost certainly represents the intercession which he was wont to use in his Roman Eucharists. But we must not allow such a theory to blind us to the true wisdom with which the writer defers his censure. He knows that the roots of the quarrel lie in a wrong condition of the Church’s life. His general exhortations, courteously expressed in the first person plural, are directed towards a wide reformation of manners. If the wrong spirit can be exorcised, there is hope that the quarrel will end in a general desire for reconciliation. The most permanent interest of the epistle lies in the conception of the grounds on which the Christian ministry rests according to the view of a prominent

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teacher before the first century has closed. The orderliness of Nature is appealed to as expressing the mind of its Creator. The orderliness of Old Testament worship bears a like witness; everything is duly fixed by God; high priests, priests and Levites, and the people in the people’s place. Similarly in the Christian dispensation all is in order due. “ The apostles preached the gospel to us from the Lord Jesus Christ; Jesus Christ was sent from God. Christ then is from God, and the apostles from Christ. . . . They appointed their first-fruits, having tested them by the Spirit, as bishops and deacons of those who should believe. . . . Our apostles knew through our Lord Jesus Christ that there would be strife about the name of the bishop’s office. For this cause, therefore, having received perfect foreknowledge, they appointed the aforesaid, and afterwards gave a further injunction (eTrtvopyv has now the further evidence of the Latin legem) that, if these should fall asleep, other approved men should succeed to their ministry. ... It will be no small sin in us if we eject from the bishop’s office those who have offered the gifts blamelessly and holily ” (cc. xlii. xliv.). The epistle was published in 1633 by Patrick Young from Cod. Alexandrinus, in which a leaf near the end was missing, so that the great prayer (cc. Iv.-lxiv.) remained unknown. In 1875 (six years after Lightfoot’s first edition) Bryennius published a complete text from the MS. in Constantinople (dated 1055), from which in 1883 he gave us the Didachi. In 1876 Bensly found a complete Syriac text in a MS. recently obtained by the University Library at Cambridge. Lightfoot made use of these new materials in an Appendix (1877); his second edition, on which he had been at work at the time of his death, came out in 1890. This must remain the standard edition, notwithstanding Dom Morin’s most interesting discovery of a Latin version (1894), which was probably made in the 3rd century, and is a valuable addition to the authorities for the text. Its evidence is used in a small edition of the epistle by R. Knopf, Leipzig, 1899 (j. a. R.) Clemens, Samuel Langhome, better known as Mark Twain (1835 ), the most widely popular of American humorists, and a writer of striking vigour and directness, was born 30th November 1835, at Florida, Missouri. His father was a country merchant from Tennessee, who moved soon after his son’s birth to Hannibal, Missouri, a little town on the Mississippi. When the boy was only twelve his father died, and thereafter he had to get his education as best he could. Of actual schooling he had little. He learned how to set type, and as a journeyman printer he wandered widely, going even as far east as New York. At seventeen he went back to the Mississippi, determined to become a pilot on a river steamboat. In his Life on the Mississippi he has recorded graphically his experiences while “learning the river.” But in 1861 the war broke out, and the pilot’s occupation was gone. After a brief period of uncertainty the young man started west with his brother, who had just been appointed lieutenant-governor of Nevada. He went to the mines for a season, and there he began to write in the local newspapers, adopting the pen name of “Mark Twain.” He drifted in time to San Francisco, and it was a newspaper of that city which in 1867 supplied the money for him to join a party going on a chartered steamer to the Mediterranean ports. The letters which he wrote during this voyage were gathered in 1869 into a volume, The Innocents Abroad, and the book immediately won a wide and enduring popularity. This popularity was of service to him when he appeared on the platform with a lecture—or rather with an apparently informal talk, rich in admirably-delivered anecdote. He edited a daily newspaper in Buffalo for a few months, and in 1870 he married Miss Olivia L. Langdon, removing a year later to Hartford, where he established his home. Roughing It was published in 1872, and in the year after he collaborated with Charles Dudley Warner in The Gilded Age