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CLARKE —CLARKSVILLE

that of those who were on the staff of the Hospital at the entitled to remembrance as one of those who first incultime of his selection he was the only one remaining alive. cated, from a wide practical experience, the views of In 1854 he became a member of the College of Physicians, Imperial administration and its responsibilities which in and in 1858 a fellow, and then went in succession through his last years he saw accepted by the bulk of his country(h. ch.) all the offices of honour the College has to. offer, ending men. in 1888 with the presidency, which he continued to. hold Clarke, James Freeman (.1810-1888), Amertill his death. From the time of his selection as assistant ican preacher and author, was born in Hanover, N.H., physician to the London Hospital, his fame rapidly grew on 4th April 1810. He was of a family which runs until he became a fashionable doctor with one of. the back, as he supposed, to the captain of the Mayflower. largest practices in London, counting among his patients He was prepared for college at the Public Latin School of some of the most distinguished men of the day. The Boston, and after four years in Harvard College took his great number of persons who passed through his consulting- first degree in 1829. In his class were S. F. Smith, the room every morning rendered it inevitable that to a large author of the American National Hymn, and Oliver extent his advice should become stereotyped and his pre- Wendell Holmes. After three years more of study at scriptions often reduced to mere stock formulae, but in Cambridge Clarke was ordained as minister of a Unitarian really serious cases he was not to be surpassed in the skill congregation at Louisville, Kentucky, which was then a and carefulness of his diagnosis and in his attention to slave state. From the beginning, therefore, Clarke detail. In spite of the claims of his practice he found watched the institution of slavery, and he threw himself time to produce a good many books, all written in the heart and soul into the national movement for its precise and polished style on which he used to pride abolition. At the end of seven years he returned to himself. Doubtless owing largely to personal reasons, Boston, where he and his friends established the “ Church lung diseases and especially fibroid phthisis formed his of the Disciples.” It brought together a body of men and favourite theme, but he also discussed other subjects, such women active and eager in applying the Christian religion to as renal inadequacy, ansemia, constipation, &c. He died the social problems of the day; and he would have said in London on 6th November 1893, after a paralytic stroke that the feature which distinguished it from any other which was probably the result of persistent overwork. church was that they also were ministers of the highest religious life. Ordination could make no distinction between Clarke, Sir Andrew (1824-1902), British him and them. For fifty years from the beginning of his soldier and administrator, son of Colonel Andrew Clarke, active life until his death he wrote freely for the press. of County Donegal, governor of West Australia, was With Eliot of St Louis, and James Perkins of Cincinnati, born at Southsea, England, on 27th July 1824, and he established and carried on a magazine called the Western educated at King’s School, Canterbury. He entered the Messenger. Its business was to carry to readers in. the KM.A., Woolwich, and obtained his commission in the Mississippi valley simple statements of “ liberal religion,” army in 1844 as second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers. involving what were then the most radical appeals as to He was appointed to his father’s staff in West Australia, national duty, especially the abolition of slavery. The but was transferred to be A.D.C. and military secretary to magazine is now of value to collectors because it contains the Governor of Tasmania; and in 1847 he went to New the earliest printed poems of Ralph Waldo Emerson, who Zealand to take part in the Maori war, and for some years was Clarke’s personal friend. Most of Clarke’s earlier served on Sir George Grey’s staff. He was then made published writings were addressed to the immediate need Surveyor-General in Victoria, took a prominent part in of establishing a larger theory of religion than that espoused framing its new Constitution, and held the office of Minister by people who were still trying to be Calvinists, people of PubTic Lands during the first administration (1855-57). who maintained what a good American phrase calls .“ hard■ He returned to England in 1857, and in 1863 was sent on shelled churches.” But it Avould be wrong to call his work a special mission to the West Coast of Africa. In 1864 controversial. He was always declaring that the business he was appointed Director of Works for the Navy, and of the Church is Eirenic and not Polemic. Such books as held this post for nine years, being responsible for great the Truth and Errors of Orthodoxy have been read more improvements in the naval arsenals at Chatham, Ports- largely by members of orthodox churches than by Unimouth, and Plymouth, and for fortifications at Malta, Cork, tarians. In the great moral questions of the time Clarke Bermuda, and elsewhere. In 1873 he was made K.C.M.G., was a fearless and practical advocate of the broadest stateand became Governor of the Straits Settlements, where he ment of human rights. Without caring much what comdid most valuable work in consolidating British rule and pany he served in, he could always be seen and heard, a. ameliorating the condition of the people. From 1875 to leader of unflinching courage in the front rank of the 1880 he was Minister of Public Works in India) and on battle. He published but few verses, but at bottom he his return to England in 1881, holding then the rank of was a poet. He was a diligent and accurate scholar, and lieutenant-colonel in the army, he was first appointed among the books by which he is best known in America is commandant at Chatham and then Inspector-General of one called The Ten Great Religions of the World. Few Fortifications (1882-86). Having attained the rank of men in the United States have done more than Clarke to lieutenant-general and been created G.C.M.G., he retired give breadth to the published discussion of the subjects of from official life, and in 1886 and 1893 unsuccessfully literature, ethics, and religious philosophy. He died at, stood for Parliament as a supporter of Mr Gladstone. Jamaica Plain, Mass., on 8th June 1888. His Life During his last years he was Agent-General for Victoria. compiled mainly from his autobiography, letters, and He died 29th March 1902. Both as a technical and diaries—was published in Boston in 1892. (e. e. h.) strategical engineer, and as an Imperial administrator, Sir Clarksville, capital of Montgomery county,, Andrew Clarke was one of the ablest and most useful public servants of his time; and his contributions to Tennessee, U.S.A., situated in the northern part, of the periodical literature, as well as his official memoranda, con- state, at an altitude of 394 feet, on Cumberland river, at tained valuable suggestions on the subjects of Imperial the mouth of Red river, and on the Louisville and Nashdefence and Imperial consolidation, which received too ville Railway. The Cumberland is navigable at this point. little consideration at a period when the Home Govern- Clarksville is one of the greatest tobacco markets, being in ments were not properly alive to their importance. He is a region largely devoted to the culture of the plant. It