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CIVITAVECCHIA — CLANYOWE

above 50 acres, 44-16. There were 22 between 50 and 100, 56 between 100 and 300, and 9 between 300 and 500 acres. In 1895, 3026 acres were under wood. Oats are the principal corn crop, and wheat and barley cover about equal acreages. The following table gives the principal acreages at intervals of five years from Civitavecchia, a seaport town and episcopal see 1880 :— of Italy, province of Rome, on the west coast, 50 miles Permanorth-west from Rome by rail. It is the port of Rome; under Corn Green Year. Area nent Fallow. Crops. Crops. Crops. Clover. Pasture. the harbour has been deepened, though only in part, to 21 feet; the northern entrance was deepened to 26 J feet in 1880 15,691 5772 1479 4926 343 3171 1899-1900. A new quay was completed in 1895, a new 1885 15,858 5278 1358 5392 300 3530 breakwater begun in 1900, and other improvements have 1890 15,857 4829 1219 5102 234 4459 1895 15,687 4703 1244 been effected since 1887. There are shipbuilding yards, 6149 236 3345 1899 16,567 4265 1146 189 3474 6569 blast furnaces, cement and patent fuel factories, and an arsenal, a cathedral, a theatre, and on the south mole a citadel The following table gives particulars of the live stock during the built to the plans of Michel Angelo. The port is cleared same years:— by some 1610 vessels of 410,550 tons annually (1233 Cows or of 455,000 tons in 1899). Alum is extensively mined. Total Total Year. Horses. Heifers in Sheep. Pigs. Cattle. Milk This town supplies Rome with a large portion of its fish. or Calf. Population, about 14,000. 1880 694 3383 1349 10,399 1473 3902 1885 690 1499 9,749 1980 Clackmannanshire, the smallest county in 1890 644 3930 1503 10,656 1772 Scotland, bounded on the N. by Perthshire, on the E. by 4042 1895 1630 12,692 2985 687 Perth and Fife shires, on the S.W. by the Forth, and on 1899 3686 1522 699 14,446 1729 the W. by Stirling and Perth shires. Industries and Trade.—Paper-making has been added to the inArea and Population.—In 1891 the Stirling part of the parish of Alva was transferred to Clackmannan, and the Clackmannan part dustries, of which coal-mining is the most important. 402,733 of the parishes of Stirling and Logie to Stirling. The area of the tons of coal, valued at £140,956, were raised in 1890 ; 366,697 tons, county (exclusive of foreshore) as officially estimated is 35,160 valued at £137,511, in 1899. 7097 tons of sandstone were obtained acres, or about 55 square miles. The population was in 1881, in 1895, and 15,605 tons, valued at £5416, in 1899. Alloa is the 25,677 ; in 1891, 28,432; in 1891, on the above area, 33,140, of only fishing port in the county. whom 15,834 were males and 17,306 females; in 1901 it was Authorities.—James Wallace. The Sheriffdom of Clack32,019. On the old area, taking land only (30,477 acres, or 47‘6 mannan: A Sketch of its History. Edinburgh, 1890.—D. Beversquare miles), the number of persons to the square mile in 1891 idge. Between the Ochils and the Forth. Edinburgh, 1888.—John was 605, and the number of acres to the person IT. In the Crawford. Memorials of Alloa. 1885.—James Lothian. Alloa registration county the population increased between 1881 and 1891 and its Environs. 1871. (v_ wa.) by 9'8 per cent. Between 1881 and 1891 the excess of births Clacton-on-Sea, a seaside town and flourishing over deaths was 3495, and the increase of the resident population was 2975. The following table gives particulars of births, deaths, watering-place of Essex, England, 16 miles south-east of and marriages in 1880, 1890, and 1899 :— Colchester by rail, in the Harwich parliamentary division. A Franciscan convent, a higher middle-class day school in Percentage of Year. Deaths. Marriages. Births. Illegitimate. connexion with it, a board school, two convalescent homes, a “ holiday ” home, and a town-hall (<£20,000) have been 138 820 8T 1880 417 154 784 5-10 456 1890 recently erected; and modern improvements include a pier 178 786 3-6 1899 560 (1873) 1150 feet long, a sea-wall (1880), a promenade The birth-rate, death-rate, and marriage-rate are all below the 1|- mile long, and a marine parade (1896). A drainage rates for Scotland. The following table gives the birth-rate, death- system was effected in 1894. Area of urban district, rate, and marriage-rate per thousand of the population for a series 4074 acres; population (1891), 3584; (1901), 7453. of years:— Clanvowe, Sir Thomas (14th and 15th cen1880. 1881-90. 1890. 1891-98. 1899. turies), is a name which was first mentioned in the history Birth-rate. 34-32 30-90 29-57 26-40 22-02 of English literature by William Morris in 1895, when, in Death-rate. 17-45 17-12 17-20 15T7 15-69 editing the text of The Cuckoo and the Nightingale for Marriage-rate 5-77 5-65 5-80 5-63 4-98 the Kelmscott Press, he stated that Professor Skeat had In 1891 there were 215 Gaelic-speaking persons in the county, discovered that at the end of the best of the MSS. the and 89 foreigners. Valuation in 1889-90, £137,084; 1899-1900, author was called Clanvowe. In 1897 this information £165,706. was confirmed and expanded by Professor Skeat himself in Administration.—The county unites with Kinross-shire to return the supplementary volume of his Oxford Chaucer (1894a member to parliament. Clackmannan is the county town, but Alloa (11,417), Alva (4624), and Tillicoultry (3337), which are 1897). The beautiful romance of The Cuckoo and the police burghs, take precedence in population and trade. There are Nightingale was published by Thynne in 1532, and was 5 parishes, all but one of which belong to the Stirling Com- attributed by him, and by successive editors down to the bination. In September 1899 the number of paupers and depend- days of Henry Bradshaw, to Chaucer. It was due to this ants was 556. Clackmannan forms a sheriffdom with Stirling and error that for three centuries Chaucer was supposed to be Dumbarton shires, and a sheriff-substitute sits at Alloa. Education.—Six school boards manage 16 schools, which had identified with the manor of Woodstock, and even painted, an average attendance of 5334 in 1898-99, while 3 voluntary in fanciful pictures, as lying schools (one Episcopal and one Roman Catholic) had 437. There Under a maple that is fair and green, is a famous endowed secondary school, the Institution, at Dollar, Before the chamber-window of the Queen and three other schools in the county earned grants in 1898 for At Wodestock, upon the greene lea. giving higher education. A large part of the “residue” grant is spent in subsidizing Dollar Institution and science and art classes But this queen could only be Joan of Navarre, in the burghs. Agriculture.—The Ochil hills in the north afford excellent pas- who arrived in 1403, three years after Chaucer’s death, turage. Farming is high, and is mixed pastoral and arable. In and it is to the spring of that year that Professor Skeat 1898, 44-5 per cent, of the area was under cultivation, the county attributes the composition of the poem. Sir Thomas ranking thirteenth in this regard in Scotland. In 1895 the average Clanvowe was of a Herefordshire family, settled near size of the 197 holdings-in the county was 80 acres. The percentage under 5 acres was 21 32; between 5 and 50 acres, 34 ‘52 ; and Wigmore. He was a prominent figure in the courts of discovered here. Six miles to the south-east is the Mount Soracte of Horace (Carm. i. 9) and Yirgil (JEn. xi. 785). Population, about 4500.