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 [BRITISH SERVICE In the first case, China, Japan, &c., they learn their language in English history; (4) translation from one of the following country itself, receiving £200 as probationers. Then they languages—Latin, French, or German; (5) Euclid, hk. i- an 11-> the become assistants in a consulate. The highest post is that of and algebra, up to and including simple equations ; (6) rudiments consul-general. In the case of ctudent interpreters tor the of chemistry and physics. Candidates must be between the ages Ottoman dominions, Persia, Greece, and Morocco, the successful of fifteen and eighteen. They have no claims to superannuation candidates learn their languages at Oxford. Turkish is taught or compensation allowance. Boy copyists will not be retained gratuitously, but they pay the usual fees for other languages. At after the age of twenty. Oxford they receive £200 a year for two years. On leaving Oxford Candidates for the Civil Service of India take the same they become assistants under the embassy at Constantinople, the legations Teheran, Athens, or Morocco, or at one of H.B.M. examination as for 1st class clerkships. Candidates suc- consulates.at As assistants they receive £300 a year. _ The consuls, cessful in the examination must subsequently spend one the highest post to which they can reach, receive in the Levant year in England. They receive for that year £100 if from £500 to £1600 a year. The civil services of Ceylon, Hongthey elect to live at one of the universities or colleges Kong, the Straits Settlements, and the Malay Peninsula are by the Eastern cadetships. The limits of age for the approved by the Secretary of State for India. At the supplied examination are twenty-one and twenty-four. The cadets are close of this year they will be submitted to a final required to learn the native language of the colony or dependency examination in the following subjects—Indian Penal Code to which they are assigned. In the case of the Straits Settlements and the Code of Criminal Procedure, the principal and Malay cadets they may have to learn Chinese or Tamil, as vernacular language of the province to which they are well as the native language. The salaries are : passed cadets, 3500 per annum, gradually increasing until first-class omcers assigned, the Indian Evidence Act (these three subjects rupees receive from 12,000 to 18,000 rupees per annum. They are allowed are compulsory), the Code of Civil Procedure and the three months’ vacation on full pay in two years, and Icave^ ot Indian Contract Act, Hindu and Mahommedan Law, absence on half pay after six years’ service, or before that it Sanscrit, Arabic, Persian, the history of British India, urgently needed. They can retire for ill-health after ten years fifteen-sixtieths of their annual salary. Otherwise they can Chinese (for Burma only). Of these seven two are to be with add one-sixtieth of their annual salary to their pension for e ery selected, but a candidate may not take Arabic or Sanscrit additional year’s service up to thirty-five years’ service. both in the first examination and in the final. They must In spite of the general rule of open competition, there also pass a thorough examination in riding, which is con- are still a few departments where the system of nomination ducted at the Royal Artillery Riding School at Woolwich. obtains, accompanied by a severe test of knowledge. In On reaching India their salary begins at 400 rupees a the following offices it is so for some of the appointments. month. In 1899 the value of the rupee was permanently Foreign Office (all the following posts):—8 ambassadors, 16 fixed by Government at Is. 4d. They may take,_ as ministers plenipotentiary, 10 ministers resident, 2 agents and leave, one-fourth of the time on active service in periods consuls-general, 8 secretaries of embassy, 15 secretaries of legation, strictly limited by regulation. After twenty-five years’ 6 commercial attaches, 34 2nd secretaries, 23 3rd secretaries Metropolitan police courts ; mines; naval service, service (of which twenty-one must be active service) they (attaches); assistant clerks; post office secretary’s office, supplementary, can retire on a pension of £1000 a year. The unit of office of the controller of stores ; British Museum ; clerks of the administration is the district. At the head of the district two Houses of Parliament; Royal Irish Constabulary ; Board ot is an executive officer called either collector-magistrate or Education ; Education Office for Ireland ; Inspectors of Factories. deputy-commissioner. In most provinces he is responsible The employment of women in the Civil Service has to the commissioner, who corresponds directly with the not yet been much developed except in the Post Officeprovincial government. The Indian civilian after four Women are employed in the Post Office as female clerks, years’ probation in both branches of the service is called counter clerks, telegraphists, returners, sorters, and postupon to elect whether he will enter the revenue or judicial mistresses all over the United Kingdom. In 1881 the department, and this choice as a rule is held to be final Postmaster-General took a decided step in favour of for his future work. female employment, and with the consent of the Treasury Candidates for the Indian Forest Service have to pass a com- instituted female clerkships. Female clerks do not come petitive examination, one of the compulsory subjects being in contact with the public. Their duties are purely German. They have also to pass a severe medical examination, clerical, and entirely in the accountant-general’s departespecially in their powers of vision and hearing. They must be ment at the Savings Bank. between the ages of seventeen and twenty. Successful candidates Their leave is one month per annum, their peimon is on the are required to pass a three years’ course, with a final examination, seven terms of the course at _ Cooper s Hub the ^ rest ordinary Civil Service scale. The examination is competitive, the of the time receiving practical instruction m Continental forests. subjects are handwriting and spelling, arithmetic, English composiThe obligatory expenses at. Cooper’s Hill are £61 a term, and tion, geography, English history, French or German. Candidates £150 is charged for the time abroad. On reaching India they must be between the ages of 18-20. Whether unmarried or widows take the start as assistant conservators at 250 rupees a month. Ihe they must resign on marriage.. The class of girl derks e highest salary, that of inspector-general ol forests, m the India same subjects in a competitive examination. Tb y. must between the ages of 16-18 ; they serve only in the Savings Bank Forest Service is 2000 rupees a month. The Indian Police Service is entered by a competitive examina- department. If competent they can pass on later to female tion of very much the same kind as for the Forests, except that clerkships. The salaries of the female clerkships range from £200 special subjects such as German and botany are not included. to £500 in the higher grade, £55 to £190 in the 2nd class, whilst The candidates are limited in age to nineteen and twenty-one. girl clerks are paid from £35 to £40, with the chance of advance. They must pass a riding examination. A free passage out is ment to higher posts. The total of women employed by the Post siven them. They are allotted as probationers, their wishes Office and telegraphs is not to be found in official returns, but being consulted as far as possible as to their province. A women are now so largely employed not only in the higher grades, probationer receives 250 rupees a month. A district superin- but as sorters, counter clerks, telegraphists m London and throughtendent can rise to 1000 rupees a month, while there are a few out the country that the aggregate number is very considerable. posts with a salary of 2500 rupees a month m the Police Service. For instance, there are 778 sorters, counter clerks, and telegraphists The leave and pension in both these departments follow the in the Metropolitan district alone. In other departments there is a notable increase in female general rules for Indian services. employment. The Board of Agriculture, the Customs, and the The Civil Service also includes student interpreterships India Office employ women. The Department of Agriculture, Education, the Board of Education generally, the Local for China, Japan, and Siam, and for the Ottoman Technical Board, all to a certain extent employ women, whits, dominions, Persia, Greece, and Morocco. Both these Government in the Home Office there are seven women inspectors of VjN0 orRsnops classes of student interpreters are selected by open com- and Factories. ( - s-) petition. Their object is to supply the consular service in United States.—Civil Service Reform, like other great the above-named countries with persons having a thorough administrative reforms, began in America in the latter halt knowledge of the language of the country m which they of the 19thcentury. Personal and partisan government, with

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