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CITTANOVA — CIVIL

LIST

Civil List.—The civil list is the account in which are surrounded with mediaeval walls and towers, and possessed contained the expenses immediately applicable to the of a fine parish church, theatre, and botanical garden. It support of all the British sovereign’s household and the honour was founded in 1220 as a border defence of the people dignity of the crown. An annual sum is settled^ by of Padua against Treviso. It has a technical school. and Parliament at the beginning of the reign on the sovereign, Population, about 9500. and is charged on the Consolidated Fund. But it is only Cittanova, a town of Calabria, Italy, province of from the reign of William IY. that the sum thus voted Reggio, 31 miles north-east from Reggio. It was built up has been restricted solely to the personal expenses of the out of the ruins of the former Casalnuovo (destroyed by an crown. Before his accession many charges properly beearthquake in 1783), and took its present name in 1852. longing to the ordinary expenses of Government had been It has olive-oil presses. Population, about 11,400. placed on the civil list. The history of the civil list dates Ciudad Bolivar, capital of the state of Bolivar from the reign of William and Mary. Before the Revoluin Venezuela, on the right bank of the Orinoco river, about tion no distinction had been made between the History. 240 miles from the mouth, at an elevation of 187 feet expenses of Government in time of peace and above the sea. Up to 1846 it was known as Angostura. the expenses relating to the personal dignity and support Its population numbers over 15,000. It is a great com- of the sovereign. The ordinary revenues derived from mercial centre for the whole Guiana region; the port the hereditary revenues of the crown, and from certain through which all the gold is exported; maintains steam- taxes voted for life to the king at the beginning of each ship communication with Trinidad; and is the starting- reign, were supposed to provide for the support of the point for the steamers furnishing the mail, passenger, and sovereign’s dignity and the civil Government, as well as freight service to all points on the upper Orinoco and for the public defence in time of peace. Any saving made between Apure and Hutrias. The market, cathedral, by the king in the expenditure touching the government masonic temple, custom-house, university, and theatre are of the country or its defence would go to swell his privy the most important buildings. The customs receipts for purse. But with the Revolution a step forward w as the year ending 30th June 1896 were 3,285,371 bolivars. made towards the establishment of the principle that the The returns of shipping for 1898 were—entered 70 ships expenses relating to the support of the crown should be of 22,326 tons, cleared 59 ships of 21,762 tons. The separated from the ordinary expenses of the State. The value of the exports in 1897 was £339,197, and in 1898 evils of the old system under which no appropriation was it was £354,008. In 1897 the imports were valued at made of the ^ ordinary revenue granted to the crown for life had been made manifest in the reign of Charles II. £243,845, and in 1898 at £233,800. Ciudad R©al, a province of South Central Spain and James II.; it was their control of these large revenues divided into 10 administrative districts and 96 parishes, that made them so independent of Parliament. Moreover, with an area of 7840 square miles. The population was while the civil Government and the defences suffered, the 292,291 in 1887 and 305,002 in 1897. Only about king could use these revenues as he liked. The Parlia8000 acres are properly irrigated, 670,000 acres are ment of William and Mary fixed the revenue of the crown covered with forests, and about 1200 square miles are in time of peace at £1,200,000 per annum; of this sum covered with sparse vegetation and meagre brushwood. about £700,000 was appropriated towards the “ civil list.” It is the grazing ground of large flocks, but the locust But from this the sovereign was to defray the expenses of plague often destroys vast extents of pasture. Some of the the civil service and the payment of pensions, as well as rivers of Ciudad Real, like the Yavalon and Azuel, curiously the cost of the support of the royal household and his own rise from chalky soil, and from their very sources give personal expenses. It was from this that the term civil abundant supplies of water to many mills. Almost the list ” arose, to distinguish it from the statement of military whole province is in the upper basin of the Guadiana, and naval charges. The revenue voted to meet the civil except the southernmost part, where several tributaries list consisted of the hereditary revenues of the crown and of the Guadalquivir water some districts. The means of a part of the excise duties. Certain changes and additions communication, except the railways, are in a very bad were made in the sources of revenue thus appropriated condition. In 1897, out of 53,944 boys and girls between between the reign of William and Mary and the accession the ages of 4 and 14, there wete 32,338 on the school of George III., when a different system was adopted. registers, but only 22,601 really attended classes. The Generally speaking, however, the sources of revenue reprovince has 280 miles of railways, and one will connect mained as settled at the Revolution. Anne had the same civil list, estimated to produce an the important coal-mines of Puertollano with Cordova. annual income of £700,000. During her reign a debt of One quicksilver, one zinc, 6 coal, and 18 lead mines were worked in 1898. The province produced 19,945 £1,200,000 was incurred. This debt was paid Anne> tons of quicksilver ore, 201,097 of coal, 4261 of lead, and by Parliament and charged on the civil list George I., 23,514 of argentiferous lead. The net increase of coal itself. George I. enjoyed the same revenue by eor e^ s was 70,550 tons in 1898, being 54 per cent, over the parliamentary grant, in addition to an annual fio-ures of 1897. The mines employed in all 5257 men, sum of £120,000 on the Aggregate Fund. A debt of 679 lads, 177 women. The live stock includes 12,001 £1,000,000 was incurred, and discharged by Parliament in horses, 36,051 mules, 33,380 asses, 21,680 cattle, 337,892 the same manner as Anne’s debt had been. To George II. sheep, 196,501 goats, and 57,790 pigs. 288,437 acres a civil list of £800,000 as a minimum was granted, Parliaare devoted to wheat crops, 136,037 to barley, 15,042 ment undertaking to make up any deficiency if the sources to rye, 7607 to oats, 3688 to pod fruit, 150,744 to of income appropriated to its service fell short of that sum. Thus in 1746 a debt of £456,000 was paid by Parliament vines, 80,045 to olives. the civil list. On the accession of George III. a change Ciudad Real, the capital of the above province, on was made in the system of the civil list. Hitherto the had a population of 14,700 in 1887, and 14,547 in 1897 sources of revenue appropriated to the service It has fine modern schools, an institute^ a training school of the civil list had been settled on the crown. Qeorge IIL for teachers, and some good public buildings, town hall, If these revenues exceeded the sum they were computed barracks, casinos, prison. The chief commerce of the to produce annually, the surplus went to the king. George town is in agricultural products and live stock at the III., however, surrendered the life-interest in the hereditary weekly fairs.