Page:1902 Encyclopædia Britannica - Volume 27 - CHI-ELD.pdf/121

 CINEMATOGRAPH — CITTADELLA 95 sects. There are 1 city, 1 United States, 4 private and results, which when passed in rapid and intermittent 11 charity hospitals. A fresh-air home and farm for poor succession before the eye gives the appearance of a photochildren has been established by private subscriptions. graph in motion. The original apparatus showed the film The art museum in Eden Park with galleries, &c. (cost of to a single observer, but in its perfected form it throws the building, $350,000; endowment, $580,000), and separate successive images on a screen by means of a lantern so that buildings for art school and library, are the gift of citi- an entire audience can see them. In one apparatus for zens ; as are also the music hall, with a seating capacity making the exposures a cam jerks the film across the field of 5000, where musical festivals occur biennially; and the once for each picture, the slack being gathered in on a library and two other buildings of the university in Burnet drum at a constant rate. In another four lenses are Woods Park. A large, well-appointed zoological garden rotated so as to give four images for each rotation, the is privately maintained, but not for profit. Among other film travelling so as to present a new portion in the field new buildings are the United States building, which cost as each lens comes in place. Twenty-five to fifty pictures $5,000,000; the city hall, which cost $1,500,000; the may be taken per second. At the slower rate it is court house, which replaces that burned by a mob in found in practice that during the operation the film 1884; Chamber of Commerce, Armoury, Turner’s hall, should be stationary about Lhtlis of the time. The Odd Fellows’ temple, Young Men’s Christian Association, films are developed on large drums, within which a ruby Union Trust Co., 17 storeys high; Queen City, Phoenix, electric light may be fixed to enable the process to be and Cincinnati clubs. In the parks are statues of Pre- watched. In the magic lantern an electric lamp or limesidents W. H. Harrison, Garfield, and Lincoln, and of light of high power projects, through an objective lens, the, Captain Desmond, killed in defending the court house. successive images of the film upon a distant screen. Such There are 11 daily newspapers and 214 other regular subjects as an army on the march, or an express train at, publications. The central situation of the city and its full speed, are presented with marvellous distinctness and accessibility make it a common meeting-place for general completeness of detail. To regulate the feed in the lantern bodies. The government is by a mayor, a board of legis- a hole is punched in the film for each picture. These lation, and a general administrative board of public service holes must be extremely accurate in position. As they of five members, all elective. The rate of taxation is 2‘574 wear the feed becomes irregular, and the picture dances per cent; the public debt $25,546,456.43 (including the or vibrates in an unpleasant manner. For an hour’s cost of the railway to Chattanooga); the city’s credit is exhibition 50,000 to 165,000 pictures are needed, and high, 3 per cent, bonds commanding a premium. The they are fed at the rate of 26 miles an hour. A greatest recent growth of Cincinnati has been industrial. very simple system of exhibiting the views consists There are over 200 industries. in attaching them by their lower edge transversely to a band which moves over two rollers. A detent at EstablishCash Capital and Hands Year. Products. the top holds back the top edges so that they fly ments. Property occupied. employed. across, as the band rotates, like the leaves of a book. 1880 5493 $108,635,220 74,798 $148,957,280 By looking at them at this point the effect of motion 1890 7832 136,419,558 96,689 196,063,983 is produced. This method has been so simplified that 1898 8667 171,581,264 115,944 236,162,060 little books of cinetoscopic views are sold, from which Cincinnati ranks first in the United States in the manu- the moving effect is obtained by simply letting the facture of vehicles, harness, leather, hardwood lumber, leaves escape rapidly from the thumb as the book is bent wood-working machinery, machine tools, printing ink, backwards. (t. o’c. s.) soap, pig-iron, tobacco, and whisky, second in that' of Ciiltra, a picturesque town of Portugal, district shoes, and fourth in that of clothing, cooperage, and pianos. Lisbon, 16 miles north-west from Lisbon, in great repute The statistics for 1899 were :— as a summer resort owing to its salubrious climate. Many Clothing $25,457,000 new villas have recently been built. Population, 4928. Cooperage 3,288,500 Harness 5,250,000 Ciotat, La, a coast town and railway station, Hardwood lumber . . . 24,000,000 France, department of Bouches-du-Bhone, arrondissement Leather 4,664,000 of Marseilles, 20 miles south-east of that town. The port, Machine tools .... 3,340,000 easily accessible for vessels drawing 19 feet, is well sheltered, Pianos 2,500,000 Pig-iron 38,375,000 and defended by a battery. Large shipbuilding yards and Printing ink .... 1,000,000 repairing docks give employment to about 3000 workmen. Shoes 9,619,838 Other important industries are the fisheries and the coral Soap 9,826,500 fishery. Coasting trade is actively carried on; the town Tobacco 9,256,414 Vehicles 9,750,000 is frequented for sea-bathing. Population (1881), 8045; Whisky 38,603,000 (1901), 11,311. Wood-working machinery. . 1,550,000 Circleville, capital of Pickaway county, Ohio, There are 19 banks—other than Savings and Building and Loan Associations, which are numerous—with a U.S.A., on the east bank of Scioto river, which here is capital of $8,415,000, and total clearings in 1899 of not navigable. It is on the Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley, and the Norfolk and Western Bailways, at an $748,490,350. (j. ha.) altitude of 707 feet. Its manufactures consist in large Cinematograph. — The cinematograph is an part of furniture and agricultural implements. It occupies application of photography to the zoetrope. This appara- the site of ancient earthworks of the mound-builders, from tus shows in rapid sequence a series of views representing closely successive phases of a moving object, and persist- one of which, a circle, it derives its name. Population ence of vision creates the illusion that the object is in (1880), 6046; (1900), 6991. Circulation of the blood. See under motion. The cinematograph, invented by Edison in 1894, is the result of the introduction of the flexible film into Physiology (Vascular System) and Pathology (Circulaphotography in place of glass. A long sensitized film is tion). moved across the focal plane of a camera and exposed Gittadella, a town of Italy, Venetia, province of intermittently to moving objects. A series of images Padua, 23 miles north by west from Padua. It is still