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 CIECHANO W— CILICIA Now that the increasing demand for cider and perry has drawn attention to its importance to agriculturists, the cider-making industry has received a certain amount of assistance and encouragement from public or quasi-public sources. Many agricultural societies, including the Royal and the Bath and West, offer prizes for cider and perry in cask and bottle, and the latter society gives a grant of £100 a year towards the cost of some interesting experiments at Butleigh in Somersetshire. The county councils in the cider-producing districts have included cider-making among the subjects in which they give gratuitous instruction, though as yet these bodies are hampered by the difficulty of procuring competent teachers. The Herefordshire county council has, through the co-operation of certain landowners, obtained the use of six pomological stations in different parts of the county, consisting of small fruit plantations, where demonstrations are given in various branches of fruit culture. In addition to these the council has established a central pomological and experimental garden close to Hereford, where, as one of the principal aims of the council is to promote the cider industry, a branch of agriculture of special importance to Herefordshire, a large number of cider apples and perry pears have been planted. Included among these is a nice collection of approved French sorts obtained from Normandy; and as the varieties introduced thence, as already mentioned, about 1880, have turned out to be valuable additions to the orchards of the county, it is probable that some of these still newer importations will prove to be well suited to English soil and climate. Fruit-growers who look to cider-making “as a means of utilizing windfalls and small and inferior apples of cooking and dessert varieties not worth sending to market ” (to quote from a paper lately read by a fruit-grower before a learned society) should be warned that it is as important to the cider industry that good cider only should be on sale as it is to the fruit-growing industry that good fruit only should be sent to market. Bad cider of English make brings discredit on the beverage and lets in the foreigner, just as inferior fruit does. The juice of the apple is naturally affected by the condition of the fruit itself, and if this be unripe, unsound, or worm-eaten the cider made from it will be inferior to that made from full-grown, ripe, and sound fruit. If such fruit be not good enough to send to market, neither will the cider made from it be good enough to place before the public. Nevertheless, it may furnish a sufficiently palatable drink for home consumption, and may therefore be so utilized. But when, as happens from time to time in fruit-growing districts, there is a glut, and even the best table fruit is not saleable at a profit, then, indeed,cider-making is a means of storing in a liquid form what would otherwise be left to rot on the ground; whilst if a proportion of vintage fruit were mixed therewith, a drink would be produced which would not discredit the cider trade, and would bring a fair return to the maker. (c. w. k. c.) Ciechanow, a district town of Russian Poland, government Plock, on the Prussian frontier, 105 miles north-west of Warsaw. Population, 10,670. CienfuegOS, one of the principal cities of Cuba, near the central portion of the south coast. It lies on a land-locked harbour known as the bay of Jagua, which Columbus visited on his second voyage, and which Father Las Casas described as the most magnificent port in the world. It was settled in 1819 by refugees from Santo Domingo. Since 1880 its trade has increased enormously. A circular railway leads to the wharves and large warehouses, thereby facilitating the

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loading and unloading of vessels. Many local steamers connect the town with Batabano, Trinidad, Santiago, and the Isle of Pines. The streets are regularly laid out; the houses are well built, and there are beautiful shade trees and plazas, one of which is the largest in Cuba. There is a handsome main avenue, at the end of which are statues. It is lighted by gas and electricity, has abundant watersupply, excellent clubs, and a theatre. It has also an imposing governor’s house, military and government hospitals, market-place, and railway station. Some of the largest and finest sugar estates in the world are situated in the vicinity, including the Soledad and others. Probably no place on the island offers greater advantages for seeing sugar-making in its most favourable aspects. Population (1899), 30,038. Cieza, a town of Murcia, Spain, on the railway and high road from Madrid to Cartagena, and on the river Sigura. Population (1897), 11,717. Its environs are very fertile, and produce cereals, raisins, oranges, olive, spart grass. In the town itself are fiour and paper mills, sawmills, distilleries. The streets are broad, and have fine private residences, a modern town hall on the principal square, a large renaissance parish church, and a promenade styled La Glorieta. Cilicia., the Roman Province, extended along the south coast of Asia Minor from the Alar a Su, which separated it from Pamphylia, to the Giaour Dagh, M. Amanus, which parted it from Syria. Its northern limit was the crest of M. Taurus; its southern the sea. It was naturally divided into Cilicia Trachea, west of the Lamas Su, and Cilicia Pedias, east of that river. Cilicia Trachea is a rugged mountain district formed by the spurs of Taurus, which run southwards to the sea, and often terminate in rocky headlands with small sheltered harbours, —a feature which, in classical times, made the coast a favourite resort of pirates, and, in the Middle Ages, led to its occupation by Genoese and Venetian traders. The district is watered by the Geuk Su (Calycadnus and its tributaries), and is covered to a large extent by forests which still, as of old, supply timber to Egypt and Syria. There were several towns but no large trade centres. In the interior were Koropissus (Da Bazar), Olba (Uzunjaburj), and, in the valley of the Calycadnus, Claudiopolis (Mut), and Germanicopolis (Ermenek). On, or near the coast were Coracesium (Alaya), Selinus-Trajanopolis (Selinti), Anemeurium, Kelenderis (Kilindria), Seleucia (Selefke), Korykus (Korghoz), and Elseusa-Sebaste (Ayash). Roads connected Laranda, north of the Taurus, with Kelenderis and Seleuceia. Cilicia Pedias included the rugged spurs of Taurus and a large plain which consists, in great part, of a rich stoneless loam. Its eastern half is studded with isolated rocky crags, which are crowned with the ruins of ancient strongholds, and broken by the low hills that border the plain of Issus. The plain is watered by the Cydnus (Tersus Chai), the Sarus (Sihun), and the Pyramus {Jihiln), each of which brings down much silt. The Sarus now enters the sea almost due south of Tarsus, but there are clear indications that at one period it joined the Pyramus, and that the united rivers ran to the sea west of Kara-tash. Such appears to have been the case when Alexander’s army crossed Cilicia. The plain is extremely productive, though now little cultivated (see Adana). Through it ran the great highway, between the east and the west, on which stood Tarsus on the Cydnus, Adana on the Sarus, and Mopsuestia {Missis), on the Pyramus. North of the road between the two last places were Sision-Flaviopolis {Sis), Anazarbus {Auazarba), and Hieropolis-Kastabala {Budrum) ; and on the coast were Soli-Pompeiopolis, Mallus {Kara-tash), iEgse {Ayash), Issus, Baiae {Piyas), and Alexandria ad Lssum (AlexaMdretta). The great highway from the west, on its long rough descent from the Anatolian plateau to Tarsus, ran through a narrow pass between walls of rock called the Cilician Gate, Ghulek Boghaz. After crossing the low hills east of the Pyramus it passed through a masonry (Cilician) gate, Demir Kapu, and entered the plain of Issus. Prom that plain one road ran southward through a