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 C H U S T- -CIDER In April 1889, on the death of Mr Bright, he was asked to come forward as a candidate for the vacant seat in Birmingham, and the result was a rather angry controversy with Mr Chamberlain, terminating in the so-called “Birmingham compact” for the division of representation of the Midland capital between Liberal Unionists and Conservatives. But his health was already precarious, and this, combined with the anomaly of his position, induced him to relax his devotion to Parliament during the later years of the Salisbury administration. He bestowed much attention on society, travel, and sport. He was an ardent supporter of the turf, and in 1889 he won the Oaks with a mare named the Abbesse de Jouarre. In 1891 he went to South Africa, in search both of health and relaxation. He travelled for some months through Cape Colony, the Transvaal, and Bhodesia, making notes on the politics and economics of the countries, shooting lions, and recording his impressions in letters to a London newspaper, which were afterwards republished under the title of Men, Mines, and Animals in South Africa. He returned with renewed energy, and in the general election of 1892 once more flung himself, with his old vigour, into the strife of parties. His seat at South Paddington was uncontested ; but he was active on the platform, and when Parliament met he returned to the Opposition front bench, and again took a leading part in debate, attacking Mr Gladstone’s second Home Rule Bill with especial energy. But it was soon apparent that his powers were undermined by the inroads of disease. As the session of 1893 wore on his speeches lost their old effectiveness, and in 1894 he was listened to not so much with interest as with pity. His last speech in the House was delivered in the debate on Uganda in June 1894, and was a painful failure. He was, in fact, dying of general paralysis. A journey round the world was undertaken as a forlorn hope. Lord Randolph started in the autumn of 1894, accompanied by his wife, but the malady made so much progress that he was brought back in haste from Cairo. He reached England shortly before Christmas, and died at 50 Grosvenor Square on 24th January 1895. Lord Randolph Churchill married, in January 1874, Jennie, daughter of Mr Leonard Jerome of New York, U.S.A., who survived him. He left two sons, Winston and John, the former of whom, after serving for some time in the 4th Hussars and acting as a special correspondent in the South African war, was elected member of Parliament for Oldham in October 1900. The earlier speeches of Lord Randolph Churchill have been edited, with an introduction and notes, by Louis Jennings ; two vols., London, 1889. See also T. H. S. Escott, Randolph Spencer Churchill, 1895 ; and H. W. Lucy, Diary of Two Parliaments, 1892. (g. J. L.) Chust, a town of Russian Turkestan, province of Eergana, district of Namangan, 110 miles north-east of Kokan, on Narym river. Population, 13,686. Cialdini, Enrico (1811-1892), Italian soldier and politician, was born at Castelvetro, in Modena, Italy, 10th August 1811. In 1831 he took part in the insurrection at Modena, fleeing afterwards to Paris, whence he proceeded to Spain to fight against the Carlists. Returning to Italy in 1848, he commanded a regiment at the battle of Novara. In 1859 he organized the Alpine Brigade, fought at Palestro at the head of the 4th Division, and in the following year invaded the Marches, won the battle of Castelfidardo, took Ancona, and subsequently directed the siege of Gaeta. For these services he was created duke of Gaeta by the king, and was assigned a pension of 10,000 lire by Parliament. In 1861 his intervention envenomed the Cavour-

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Garibaldi dispute, royal mediation alone preventing a duel between him and Garibaldi. Placed in command of the troops sent to oppose the Garibaldian expedition of 1862, he defeated Garibaldi at Aspromonte. Between 1862 and 1866 he held the position of Lieutenant-Royal at Naples, and in 1864 was created Senator. On the outbreak of the war of 1866 he resumed command of an army corps, but dissensions between him and Lamarmora prejudiced the issue of the campaign and contributed to the defeat of Custoza. After the war he refused the command of the General Staff, which he wished to render independent of the War Office. In 1867 he attempted unsuccessfully to form a Cabinet sufficiently strong to prevent the threatened Garibaldian incursion into the Papal States, and two years later failed in a similar attempt, through disagreement with Lanza concerning the army estimates. On 3rd August 1870 he pleaded in favour of Italian intervention in aid of France, a circumstance which enhanced his influence when in July 1876 he replaced Nigra as ambassador to the French Republic. This position he held until 1882, when he resigned on account of the publication by Mancini of a despatch in which he had complained of arrogant treatment by M. Waddington. He died at Leghorn, 8th September 1892. (h. w. s.) Cider.—The recent development of the cider-making industry, coupled with certain changes in the mode of manufacture, render it necessary to supplement the two articles on Cider and Perry in the ninth edition of the Encyclopcedia Britannica with additional information. Cider and perry are liquors containing from as little as 2 per cent, of alcohol to 7 or 8 per cent., seldom more, and rarely as much, produced by the vinous fermentation of the expressed juice of apples and pears; but cider and perry of prime quality can only be obtained from vintage fruit, that is, apples and pears grown for the purpose and unsuited for the most part for table use. A few table apples make good cider, but the best perry is only to be procured from pears too harsh and astringent for consumption in any other form. The making of perry is in England confined, in the main, to the counties of Hereford, Worcester, and Gloucester. These three counties, together with Somerset and Devon, constitute, too, the 'principal cider-making district of the country ; but the industry, which was once more widely spread, still survives in Norfolk, and has lately been revived in Kent, though, in both these counties, much of the fruit used in cider-making is imported from the west country and some from the Continent. Speaking generally, the cider of Herefordshire is distinguished for its lightness and briskness, that of Somerset for its strength, and that of Devonshire for its lusciousness. Inasmuch as English orchards are crowded with innumerable varieties of cider apples, many of them worthless, a committee composed of members of the Herefordshire Fruit-Growers’ Association and of the Fruit and Chrysanthemum Society was appointed in 1899 to make a selection of vintage apples and pears best suited to Herefordshire and the districts adjoining. The following is the list drawn up by the committee :— Apples.—Old. Foxwhelp, Cherry Pearmain, Cowarne Red, Dymock Red, Eggleton Styre, Kingston Black or Black Taunton, Skyrme’s Kernel, Spreading Redstreak, Carrion apple, Cherry Norman, Gummy Norman, Royal Wilding, Handsome Norman, Strawberry Norman, White Bache or Norman, Broad-leaved Norman, Argile Grise, Bramtot, De Boutville, ITequin Audievre, Medaille d’Or, the last five being French sorts introduced from Normandy about twenty years ago, and now established in the orchards of Herefordshire.