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 CANNOCK —CANONS tins annually, exclusive of jams and preserves put up in tin cans. The price of canned goods has fallen enormously, the difference being almost wholly due to machinery. The machinery for canning peas promises to stimulate the industry for years to come, and the portable process kettle has multiplied the producers of tomatoes many t:mes over. So great has been the increase of production that the normal relation of supply to demand has been disturbed for years, and in the case of some articles is not yet adjusted to a profitable basis. The following are the comparative prices of vegetables per dozen one-pound cans:— 1870. 1900. 11/ to 12/ £2.75 to 3.00 2/5 to 3/ £.60 to .75 Corn 11/ to 15/ 2.75 to 3.75 3/5 to 4/10 .85 to 1.20 Peas 10/ 2.50 2/10 to 3/5 .70 to .85 Tomatoes 18/ ... 3.25 3/ to 3/5 .75 to .85 Lima beans 2.25 2/ to 2/10 .50 to .70 String beans 9/ Asparagus £1, 4/ 6.00 13/ ... 3.25 In meat products the price per dozen cans has fallen off as follows:— 2-lb meats 2-tt) poultry 2-lb oysters 2-lb clams 1-lb lobster 1-lb salmon

£1, 1/ ^5.25 1, 10/ 7.50 1, 10/ 7.50 1, 8/ 7.00 12/ 3.00 14/6 3.62

1900. 10/10 52.70 12/7| 3.15 3/5 .85 9/7J 2.40 12/ 3.00 7/5 1.85

(f. n. b.) Cannock, a market town and railway station in the Western parliamentary division of Staffordshire, England, in the district known as Cannock Chase, 9 miles S.S.E. of Stafford. There are ancient and modern Anglican churches ; a Roman Catholic school-chapel, and various Nonconformist chapels; two endowed schools; public rooms, market-hall, urban council offices, and a public hall. The Cannock Chase district abounds in coal mines and also contains iron. Area of township (an urban district), 8010 acres; population (1881), 17,125; (1901), 23,500. There is a parish of Cannock. Canons of Hippolytus, The.—This book stands at the head of a series of Church Orders, which contain instructions in regard to the choice and ordination of Christian ministers, regulations as to widows and virgins, conditions of reception of converts from heathenism, preparation for and administration of baptism, rules for the celebration of the eucharist, for fasting, daily prayers, charity suppers, memorial meals, first-fruits, &c. We shall give (1) a description of the book as we have it at present; (2) a brief statement of its relation to allied documents; (3) some remarks on the evidence for its date and authorship. 1. We possess the Canons of Hippolytus only in an Arabic version, itself made from a Coptic version of the original Greek. Attention was called to the book by Wansleben and Ludolf towards the end of the 17th century, but it was only in 1870 that it was edited by Haneberg, who added a Latin translation, and so made it generally accessible. In 1891 Achelis reproduced this translation in a revised form, embodying it in a synopsis of allied documents. He suspected much interpolation and derangement of order, and consequently rearranged its contents with a free hand. In 1900 a German translation was made by Riedel, based on fresh MSS. These showed that the book, as hitherto edited, had been thrown into disorder by the displacement of two pages near the

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HIPPOLYTUS

559

end; they also removed other difficulties upon which the theory of interpolation had been based. Further discoveries, to be spoken of presently, have added to our materials for the study of the book, and a fresh investigation of it is urgently needed. The book is attributed to ‘ ‘ Hippolytus, the chief of the bishops of Rome,” and is divided into thirty-eight canons, to which short headings are prefixed. This division is certainly not original, but it is convenient for purposes of reference. Canon 1 is prefatory ; it contains a brief confession of faith in the Trinity, and especially in the Word, the Son of God ; and it speaks of the expulsion of heretics from the Church. Canons 2-5 give regulations for the selection and ordination of bishops, presbyters, and deacons. The bishop is chosen by the whole congregation : ‘ ‘ one of the bishops and presbyters ” is to lay hands upon him and say a prayer which follows (3): he is at once to proceed with “the offering,” taking up the eucharistic service at the point where the sursum cor da comes in. A presbyter (4) is to be ordained with the same prayer as a bishop, “with the exception of the word bishop”; but he is given no power of ordination (this appears to be inconsistent with c. 2). The duties of a deacon are described, and the prayer of his ordination follows (5). Canons 6-9 deal with various classes in the Church. One who has suffered punishment for the faith (6) is to be counted a presbyter without ordination : “his confession is his ordination.” Readers and sub-deacons (7) are given the Gospel, but are not ordained by laying-on of hands. A claim to ordination on the ground of gifts of healing (8) is to be admitted, if the facts are clear and the healing is from God. Widows are not ordained (9): “ ordination is for men only.” Canons 10-15 describe conditions for the admission of converts. Certain occupations are incompatible with Christian life: only under compulsion may a Christian be a soldier. Canons 16-18 deal chiefly with regulations concerning women. Canon 19 is a long one dealing with catechumens, preparation for baptism, administration of that sacrament, and of the eucharist for the newly-baptized. The candidate is twice anointed: first, with the oil of exorcism, after he has said, with his face westward, “I renounce thee, O devil, and all thy following”; and, again, immediately after the baptism. As he stands in the water, he declares his faith in response to an interrogatory creed; and after each of the three clauses he is immersed. After the second anointing the bishop gives thanks “ for that Thou hast made them worthy that they should be born again, and hast poured out Thy Holy Ghost upon them, so that they may belong, each one of them, to the body of the Church ”: he signs them with the cross on their foreheads, and kisses them. The eucharist then proceeds: “the bishop gives them of the body of Christ and says, This is the body of Christ, and they answer Amen ”; and similarly for the cup. Milk and honey are then given to them as being ‘ ‘ born a second time as little children.” A warning is added against eating anything before communicating. Canons 20-22 deal with fast-days, daily services in church, and the fast of the passover-week. Canon 23 seems as if it closed the series, speaking, as it does, of “ our brethren the bishops ” who in their cities have made regulations “according to the commands of our fathers the apostles”: “let none of our successors alter them ; because it saith that the teaching is greater than the sea, and hath no end.” We pass on, however, to regulations about the sick (24) who are to be visited by the bishop, “because it is a great thing for the sick that the highpriest should visit them (for the shadow of Peter healed the sick).” Canons 25-27 deal again with prayers and church-services. The “ seven hours ” are specified, with reasons for their observance (25): attendance at sermons is urged (26), “for the Lord is in the place where his lordship is proclaimed ” (comp. Didach6 4, part of the Two Ways). When there are no prayers in church, reading at home is enjoined (27): “let the .sun each morning see the book upon thy knees” (comp. Ath. ad virg., § 12, “Let the sun when he ariseth see the book in thy hands ”). Prayer must be preceded by the washing of the hands. “ Ho believer must take food before communicating, especially on fast-days ” : only believers may communicate (28). The sacred elements must be guarded, “lest anything fall into the cup, and it be a sin unto death for the presbyters.” Ho crumb must be dropped, “lest an evil spirit get possession of it. ” Canons 30-35 contain various rules, and specially deal with suppers for the poor {i.e., agapae) and memorial feasts. Then we have a prayer for the offering of first-fruits (36) ; a direction that ministers shall wear fair garments at “the mysteries” (37); and a command to watch during the night of the resurrection (38). The last canon hereupon passes into a general exhortation to right living, which forms a sixth part of the whole book. In Riedel’s translation we read this for the first time as a connected whole. It falls into two parts, and describes, first, the true life of ordinary Christians, warning them against an empty profession, and laying down many precepts of morality ; and then it addresses itself to the “ascete” who “wishes to belong to the rank of the angels,” and who lives a life of solitude and poverty. He is