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CALIFORNIA — CALORIMETRY

is sterile, some portions of tlie peninsula have natural products of value, principally orchil or Spanish moss, used for dyeing purposes. Henequen is also found in the interior and hemp in the north, feugar-cane and tropical fruits are successfully cultivated in the humid interior, as are also, to a limited extent, cereals, cotton, tobacco, &c. The principal mineral products are gold, silver, copper, lead, gypsum, and coal. There are no manufactures of any importance. The territory is divided into two districts, the Northern (pop. 7452) and the Southern (pop. 34,791). The capital of the former is La Paz (4737 inhabitants), and of the latter Ensenada de Todos Santos (1259 inhabitants). The principal towns are Santa Rosalia, Santiago, San Antonio, and San Jose. Callander, a police burgh of Perthshire, Scotland, situated on the river Teith, and on the Caledonian railway, 15| miles N.W. of Stirling. There are Established, United Free, and Episcopalian churches. The town owes its prosperity to its proximity to the Trossachs, and its general importance as a tourist centre, the surrounding country being renowned for the beauty of its lake, river, mountain, and woodland scenery. Within California has the largest savings bank deposits per caput. _ On 2 miles to the N.E. are the Falls of Bracklinn. It possesses 31st December 1898 there were in California $637.75 per depositor, several large hotels and a hydropathic, and within recent as against $392.13 for the U.S., and $507.29 for Rhode Island, the years many villa residences have been erected. The next highest State. The California depositors numbered 209,908, in 1891 wras 1538, and in or nearly one in every seven of the entire population, Chinese population of the police burgh y 1901 it was 1458. By w ay of the Pass of Leny, which and Indians included. The State was exceeded in 1890 only by Massachusetts and Rhode Island in assessed valuation pei begins or ends here, Callander practically forms the gate ^Political.—State politics have improved with the new immi- of the Highlands.” From here, too, the ascent of Ben gration. A symptom probably of political health is the peculiar Ledi is commonly made. independence of Californian voters. In State elections since Callao, a coast department of central Peru, a littoral the Civil War, California went Democratic in 1867, 1875, 1882, province, embracing only the city of* Callao, with a popu1886 (Democratic Governor and Republican Lieut.-Governor, who became Governor by his superior’s death), and 1894. It went lation (1898) of 48,118. The port of Callao is the most Republican in 1871, 1879, 1890, and 1898. The leading features important in Peru. In 1895 there entered 1376 merchant of legislation since 1876 have been the struggle for exclusion of vessels, with a total tonnage of 563,160 tons; in 1896, the Chinese, “ Anti-Debris,” and irrigation laws, and an elaborate 1485 vessels of 604,257 tons; and in 1898, 1255 of system for the inspection and fumigation of fruit-trees, and the imnortation of predatory insects to destroy “ insect pests. The 591,685 tons, of which 201 were British, with a tonnage Anti-Chinese agitation, though finally national iu its scope, was of 293,342 tons. In 1895 the receipts of the Callao initiated and chiefly carried on in California, as a majority of the Custom House were £211,763. Chinese in the United States were in this one State. In 18/9 Cal mar, a seaport town of Swreden, on the E. coast, California voted against further immigration of Mongolians by 154,638 to 883. Exclusion has not been an unmixed blessing ; 184 miles by rail N.E. from Mahno, via Alfvesta on the but the conviction prevailed that a very large element of popula- Malmo-Stockholm railway. The industries embrace steam tion, non-citizen and non-assimilable, sending most of its earnings flour-mills, tobacco and match factories, and shipbuilding out of the country, living meanly at best, and practically without wives, children, or homes, was socially and economically a menace yards. There is an export trade in timber (£157,160 that far outweighed the undoubted convenience of cheaper (and in 1898), oats, and matches; and import trade in cereals frequently more trustworthy) menial labour than the native and flour (£100,000 to £200,000 a year), coffee, coal, population afforded. The exclusion was a serious factor. in manure, hides, petroleum, fish, tobacco, and sugar, the making the huge single-crop ranches unprofitable, and m leading to their replacement by small farms tilled and dwelt upon by total exports amounting to £184,750 in 1898, and the American families. There are now about 45,000 Chinese m the total imports to £293,600. The harbour, which in 1899State, many of them wealthy, and race-feeling against them has 1900 was deepened to admit vessels drawing 19 feet, is practically disappeared. For many years the mining interests cleared by some 900 vessels of 180,000 tons annually. were supreme, and agriculture, long after it assumed large proportions, was invariably worsted when the two clashed. I he Population (1880), 10,963; (1898), 12,582. great conflicts were over water rights and hydraulic mining. . In QgJnGj municipal borough and railway station, in the 1880 engineers’ measurements showed that in the Yuba river alone over 100,000,000 cubic yards of gravel had been washed Chippenham parliamentary division (since 1885) of Wiltby the hydraulics into the bed of the stream, raising it in places shire, England, 18 miles E. by N. of Bath. A hospital over 70 feet above its normal level, and burying over 15,000 acres for infectious diseases has been erected and a public recreaof choicest farming lands under the detritus. In 1884 the long and bitter “Anti-Debris” or “Anti-Slickens” fight ended m tion ground opened. Area of borough (extended in 1889), favour of the farmers. Local Option laws are in force, and a con- 356 acres; population on this in 1901, 3456. In 1889 siderable proportion of the towns and smaller cities, particulai 1)/ the borough was constituted as the separate civil parish of in the southern part of the State, adopt “prohibition.” In most Caine Within, the remainder of the ancient parish being of the rest “high license” is rather strictly enforced. the called Caine Without. Australian ballot was introduced in 1891. (c. F. L.) Calorimetry signifies the measurement of quanCalifornia, Lower, a territory of the Mexican tities of heat, and must be distinguished from thermometry, Republic, bounded on the N. by the United States, on the E. by the Gulf of California, and on the W. and which signifies the measurement of temperature. A caloriS. by the Pacific. Its area covers 58,345 _ square meter is any piece of apparatus in which heat is measuie . miles. The population in 1879 was 30,208, and in 1895 This distinction of meanings is purely a matter of convenit numbered 42,243. The coast-line measures 1860 miles, tion, but is very rigidly observed. Quantities of heat may and is bordered by numerous islands. Though the country be measured indirectly in a variety of ways in terms of

Perhaps the most important single development has been the rise of great shipyards. The Oregon and several other iirst-class vessels for the U.S. navy were built in San Francisco. California was in 1900 the leading State in the production of beet sugar ; it had $10,139,780 invested in this manufacture as against $20,958,519 for the whole U.S., and yielded a little over one-half the total U. S. product. Finances.—In 1900 the assessed valuation of real estate was $669,905,988; of improvements, $272,447,321 ; of personal property, $184,380,015. The total assessed valuation had more than doubled in twenty years. In 1880 it was $584,578,036, and in 1900 it was $1,218,292,457. In 1901 it was $1,241,705,803. The returns from agriculture by the census of 1890 were $72 per caput. The State has a nominal bonded debt of about two and a half millions, but owns the bonds. The total of county indebtedness was in 1901 $3,333,233. The total receipts in 1900 were $11,148,204 ; total disbursements, $9,518,608. Banking.—The banks on 31st August 1898 were as follows :— Capital paid up. ] Resources. Banks. $50,660,651 $10,825,000 34 National 125,354,783 31,139,300 172 Commercial 52,123,716 7,941,930 55 Savings. 2,753,385 964,026 23 Private. $230,892,535 284 ^ $50,870,256 Total