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 BOMBAY

295

Native States Districts

Area in Number of Square Towns and Miles. Villages.

Northern Division

Population, Census of 1891. Males. Females. Total.

Cutch 6,500 936 278,441 279,974 558,415 Kathiawar. 20,559 4,199 1,416,633 1,335,771 2,752,404 Palanpur. 7,775 1,177 335,587 309,939 645,526 Mahi Kantha 9,300 1,867 296,646 284,922 581,568 Rewa Kantha 4,980 3,156 376,146 357,360 733,506 Cambay 350 88 46,231 43,491 89,722 Surat Agency 1,051 380 92,457 88,751 181,208 Jawhar 534 107 27,825 25,006 52,831 Janjira 324 229 39,629 42,151 81,780 Savantvadi 926 227 93,520 99,428 192,948 Central Division The Dangs. 660 343 17,237 15,683 32,920 Satara Agency 844 143 66,269 65,260 131,529 Akalkot 498 106 38,615 37,159 75,774 Surgana 360 57 6,545 5,853 12,398 Bhor. 1,491 473 78,602 77,067 155,669 Southern Division Kolhapur. 2,816 1,066 467,572 445,559 913,131 Southern Mahratta Jaghirs 2,919 608 320,531 318,739 639,270 Savanur 70 24 8,330 8,646 16,976 Jath. c 979 119 40,576 39,210 79,786 Sind Khairpur 6,109 149 72,733 59,204 131,937 Total Native States 69,045 15,453 4,120,125 3,939,173 8,059,298 Grand Total. 194,189 j 40,657 13,914,106 13,046,315 26,960,421 Since 1881 the population increased by 14 per cent, in British territory, and by 16 per cent, in native states. Both these rates are considerably above the rate of increase for India generally. The average density of population ranged from 542 persons per square mile in the Gujarat district of Kaira to 60 in Sind generally, and only 23 in the desert district of Thar and Parkar. Classified according to religion, and excluding native states, Hindus numbered 14,657,179, or 78 per cent, of the total population. Mahommedans numbered 3,501,910, of whom nearly two-thirds were found in Sind, where they formed 77 per cent, of the population as opposed to 8 per cent, for the rest of the province. Jains (with whom Buddhists were included) numbered 241,061, chiefly in Belgaum, Ahmedabad, and Bombay city. Parsis numbered 73,945, of whom nearly two-thirds were in Bombay city and its immediate neighbourhood, and most of the remainder in Surat. Christians numbered 158,765, of whom 28,110 were Europeans and 9464 Eurasians, leaving 121,191 for native converts, chiefly in the Konkan districts of Thana and Kanara. Jews numbered 9639, mostly in the city of Bombay and its neighbourhood. “Others” numbered 214,545, chiefly Bhils in Khandesh and aboriginal tribes in Thar and Parkar. In the native states the proportions were much the same, except that Jains were more numerous than in British territory, forming 4 per cent, of the total population. Native Christians were chiefly found in the two states of Sawantwari and Kolhapur, bordering on Goa. According to the preliminary returns of the census of 1901, the decrease in population was 5‘57 per cent. In the British districts of Gujarat, where the famine of 1899-1900 was most severely felt, the rate of decrease was from 12 to 18 per cent., and in some of the native states it was as high as from 30 to 40 per cent. Agriculture.—Excluding Sind, the total cultivated area in the rest of Bombay in 1897-98 amounted to 23,557,557 acres, of which only 963,454 acres were irrigated, mostly from wells. In Sind, on the other hand, out of a total cultivated area of 3,802,482 acres, no less than 2,917,624 acres were irrigated, almost entirely from government canals. Cotton was grown on 2,238,609 acres in 1897-98, chiefly in the districts of Khandesh, Dharwar, Ahmedabad, and Broach. No crops are grown under European supervision, such as the indigo of Bengal or the tea of Assam. Industries.—The most important industry of the province is that of cotton, which, besides employing about 270 factories for cleaning and pressing the raw material, supports also about 114 mills for spinning and weaving. In 1897-98 the number of cotton mills was 70 in Bombay city, 40 in the rest of the province, and 4 in native states, total 114, employing about 100,000 persons, of whom 20,000 were women, 12,000 young persons, and 6000 children. The total number of looms was 28,808, and of spindles 2,933, 736 ; and the capital invested was nearly ten crores of rupees (say six millions sterling). The total production was estimated at 324,649,184 lb of yarn, chiefly of counts 20, 10, and 16 ; and / 3,481,564 lb of woven goods, chiefly shirtings, tea-cloths, dhutis, and chadars. The industry is passing through a period of severe depression, caused partly by the general effects of plague and iamine, partly by the loss of almost the entire crop of cotton in

Density of Population to Square Mile.

Population, Census of 1881.

86 134 83 63 147 256 172 99 252 208 50 156 152 34 104 324

512,084 2,343,899 576,478 517,485 549,892 86,074 151,132 48,556 76,361 174,433 31,280 117,318 58,040 14,205 145,876 800,189

219 243 81 22

523,753 14,763 55,493 129,153

117

6,926,464

138

23,432,431

the drought of 1899, and partly by the overstocking of the China market. Other large industries include a woollen mill at Bombay, employing 363 hands; three paper-mills at Bombay, Poona, and Surat, employing 415 hands; a brewery r.t Dapuri, near Poona ; two dyeing-works at Bombay, employing 1037 hands ; 11 flourmills at Bombay, employing 648 hands ; 15 ironworks in Bombay, one of which employs 1200 hands ; and a tannery at Bombay’ employing 614 hands. ’ Railways.—TYiq province is well supplied with railways, all of which,_ with one exception, concentrate at Bombay city. The exception is the North-Western line, which enters Sind from the Punjab, and finds its natural terminus at Karachi. In 1898 the total length of railway under the Bombay Government open for traffic was 6261 miles, while 246 additional miles were under construction, and 1040 miles had been surveyed. These figures do not include the railway system in Sind. Irrigation.—With the exception of Sind, the water-supply of the Bombay presidency does not lend itself to the construction of large irrigation works. These, are classified as protective, productive, and minor. In 1897-98 the total receipts from three “protective works in the Deccan and Gujarat amounted to Rs. 1,51,103, while the working expenses were Rs.95,785, and the charge for interest was Rs.3,09,149, showing a deficit of Rs.2,53,831 on a capital outlay of Rs.81,56,083. The total receipts from seven “productive ” works amounted to Rs.3,52,901, while the working expenses were Rs.2,13,370, and the charge for interest was Rs.4,16,238 ; showing a deficit of Rs.2,76,707 on a capital outlay of Rs.1,09,10,421. In the case of 26 “minor” works, on which no interest is charged, the total receipts were Rs.1,01,056, and the expenses Rs.88,540, showing a profit of Rs. 12,516, or -2 per cent, on a capital outlay of Rs.61,71,896. The figures for Sind are given under that heading. Imports and Exports.—The sea-borne trade of the presidency is almost entirely concentrated at Bombay and Karachi, though there is considerable coasting traffic from the ports of Cutch, Kathiawar, and the Konkan. The following table gives the value (in tens of rupees) of the foreign imports and exports of merchandise only for the whole presidency (including Sind) for the six quinquennial years, 1877-78 to 1897-98 Imports. Exports. Ex. Rx. 1877-78 15,699,638 23,755,287 1882-83 21,330,294 34,055,919 1887-88 29,122,076 37,034,206 1892-93 30,185,600 44,620,635 1897-98 30,754,383 32,074,314 The value (in tens of rupees) of each of the principal articles of import and export in 1897-98 was as follows :— Imports.—Cotton piece goods, Rx. 7,852,245 ; sugar, Rx.3,278,565; wrought metals, Rx.2,344,775 ; railway materials, Rx.1,807,397 ; mineral oils, Rx.1,089,785 ; machinery, Rx.1,563,477 ; cotton twist, Rx.978,861; provisions, Rx.866,426; silk goods, Rx.758,896 ; liquors, Rx.645,571; hardware and cutlery, Rx.639,923 ; dyeing and tanning materials, Rx.611,025. Exports.—Raw cotton, Rx. 7,277,118; cotton