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 BAIKAL UK A — BAJAOR opposition, the recognition of the claims of the modern languages to a place in the academic curriculum. In like manner, the vast amount of work that Dr Bain did for the community as a member of the first School Board, and in connexion with the management first of the Mechanics’ Institute, and next of the Free Public Library, shows him to be no mere recluse. It was in appreciation of his services of this kind that the people of Aberdeen placed a marble bust of him in the Public Library—just as his former pupils, in gratitude for the inspiration of his teaching, have presented a portrait of him in his rectorial robes, painted by Sir George Beid, to the university, to be hung in the picture gallery of Marischal College. Wide as Professor Bain’s influence has been as a logician, a grammarian, and a writer on rhetoric, his greatest reputation rests on his psychology. At one with Johannes Muller in the conviction psychologus nemo nisi physiologus, he was the first in Great Britain during the 19th century to apply physiology in a thoroughgoing fashion to the elucidation of mental states, and thereby to advance the science of mind at a bound. His happy idea of applying the natural history method of classification to psychical phenomena further gave scientific character to his work, the value of which was still more enhanced by the author’s faculty of methodical exposition and his exceptional command of felicitous illustration. In line with this, too, is his rigorous demand that psychology shall be cleared of metaphysics; and to his lead is no doubt due in great measure the position that psychology has now acquired as a distinct positive science. Although his work pre-dated the psycho-physical developments of the present day, these are all in the exact spirit of it; and although he has from the beginning strongly and consistently advocated the supremacy of the introspective method in psychological investigation, he was among the first to appreciate the help that may be given to it by animal and social and infant psychology as subsidiary adjuncts. He may justly claim the merit of having effectively guided the awakened psychological interest of British thinkers of the second half of the 19th century into fruitful channels. Nor will any just estimate of his work ignore the subtlety and suggestiveness of his analyses; or his masterly handling of the laws of Association, alike penetrating and exhaustive, bold in the application of them to each and every province of mind—intellectual, emotional, and volitional. These mark him off among psychologists, and determine his place in the history of philosophy.

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3rd February 1823. He graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn., in 1840. The next year, when eighteen years old, he made an ornithological excursion through the mountains of Pennsylvania, walking, says one of his biographers, “ 400 miles in twenty-one days, and the last day sixty miles.” In 1838 he met Audubon, and thenceforward his studies were largely ornithological, Audubon giving him a part of his own collection of birds. After studying medicine for a time, Baird became professor of natural history in Dickinson College, assuming likewise the duties of the chair of chemistry, and meanwhile giving instruction in physiology and mathematics. This variety of duties, in a small college, tended to give him that breadth of scientific interest which characterized him through life, and made him perhaps the most representative general scientist in America. For the long period between 1850 and 1878 he was assistant-secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, and on the death of Joseph Henry, in the latter year, he became secretary. While an officer of the Smithsonian, Baird’s duties consisted, in large part, of the gathering of information from many fields, and the superintendence of the labour of workers in widely different lines. Thus, apart from his assistance to others, his own studies and published writings cover a broad range : iconography, geology, mineralogy, botany, anthropology, general zoology, and, in particular, ornithology ; while for a series of years he edited an annual volume summarizing progress in all scientific lines of investigation. He gave general superintendence, between 1850 and 1860, to several Government expeditions for scientific exploration of the western territories of the United States, preparing for them a manual of Instructions to Collectors, and enlisting the collaboration even of such army officers as Scott, M'Clellan, and Thomas, as well as of officers in the navy. Of his own publications, the bibliography by G. Brown Goode, from 1843 to the close of 1882, includes 1063 entries, of which 775 were short articles in his Annual Record. His most important volumes, on the whole, were Birds, in the series of reports of explorations and surveys for a railway route from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean (1858), of which Dr Elliott Coues says (as quoted in the Popular Science Monthly, xxxiii. 553), that it “ exerted an influence perhaps stronger and more widely felt than that of any of its predecessors, Audubon’s and Wilson’s not excepted, and marked an epoch in the history of American ornithology ” j Mammals of North America: Descriptions based on Collections in the Smithsonian Institution (Philadelphia, 1859); and the monumental work (with Thomas Mayo Brewer and Robert Ridgway) History of North American Birds (Boston, 1875-84; “Land Birds,” 3 vols., “Water Birds,” 2 vols.). He died 19th August 1887, at the great marine biological laboratory at Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts, an institution largely the result of his own efforts, and one which has exercised a wide effect not only upon scientific but upon economic ichthyology. (c. f. k.)

Bainaluka, or Banjaluka, a town of Bosnia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Yrbas, on the borders of a plain fronting the entrance to a narrow defile, at the terminus of a railway line from Sunja, from which by rail it is distant 85 miles S.E. Among the mosques the most notable is the Feradija-Djami, dating from the end of the 16th century. On the right bank of the Yrbas are the ruins of the ancient citadel. There are powder mills and cloth factories, and also a Government tobacco factory. Borings have lately been made by the Government in the a small district peopled by Pathan races neighbouring coal-fields. Bainaluka, under the name of of Bajaor, Afghan origin, about 45 miles long by 20 broad, Servitium, was a Roman military station. The population lying at a high level to the east of the Kunar valley, is 13,666, of whom the majority are Mahommedans. from which it is separated by a continuous line of rugged Baindir, a town in Asiatic Turkey, in the Aidin, frontier hills forming a barrier easily passable at one or Smyrna, viUyet, situated in the valley of the Kuchuk two points. Across this barrier the old road from Kabul Mendere (ancient Caystrus). It is connected with Smyrna to India ran, before the Khaibar was adopted as the main by railway, and has a trade in cotton, figs, raisins, and route. To the south of Bajaor is the wild mountain tobacco. Population, 10,000 (Moslems, 7500 ; Christians, district of the Mohmands, an Afghan race. To the east, beyond the Panjkora river, are the hills of Swat, 2500). dominated by another Afghan race. To the north is an Baird, Spencer Fullerton (1823-1887), intervening watershed between Bajaor and the small American scientist, was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, state of Dir; and it is over this watershed and through