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 79 administration sentative and delegate in Congress has authority to district which the Congressman represents, between fifteen nominate a candidate for naval cadet whenever his con- and twenty years old, and must pass prescribed mental gressional district has no representative in the Naval and physical examinations. The President is allowed ten Academy. The candidate must be a resident of the representatives at the Academy at all times, appointed

sTATes]

Line Officers (Executive Branch). admiral r rear admirals 9 70 captains 112 commanders 170 lieut.-corns. 300 lieutenants

admiralty

Medical Corps.

15 medical directors 15 medical inspectors 55 surgeons1 110 passed ^ assistantsurgeo’ns and2 assist.-surgeons.

^lieutenants 350 (juniorgrade) i. ensigns 195 total 1021 total.

Pay Corps.

Naval Constructors.

5 naval constructors 13 pay directors 13 pay inspectors 5 „ 40 paymasters 1 30 naval constructors and assist, naval constructors 4 30 passed assist.paymasters 2 40 assistant2 paymasters 136 total

40 total

Civil Engineers.

Chaplains.

2 civil engineers 4 chaplains 7 „ 2 „ „ 13 1 2 „

Relative Army Rank. General Major-gen. Brig.-gen. 34 prof, of math. Colonel „ ,, Lieut.-col. 5 „ 1 Major Professors of Mathematics.

Captain 1st lieut. 2nd lieut. 21 total

12 total

1 With rank of lieut.-commander or lieutenant. 2 With rank of lieutenant, or lieutenant (junior grade). » With rank of lieutenant (junior grade) or ensign. 4 Naval constructors with rank of lieut.-commander or lieutenant. Assistant naval constructors have rank oi lieutenant, or lieutenant (junior gia e). “at large,” and one appointed from the district of Columbia. The course of instruction at the Academy is four years, each comprising eight months’ study, three months’ practice cruise, and one month’s furlough. At the expiration of four years, cadets are sent to cruising ships for two years’ further instruction, and are then commissioned ensigns. After three years’ further sea service, ensigns are promoted to lieutenants (junior grade). After this, promotion is dependent upon seniority alone, the senior officer in any grade being promoted to the lowest number in the next higher grade when a vacancy occurs in the higher grade, and not before. All officers are retired on three-fourths sea pay at the age of sixty-two, or whenever a board of medical officers certifies that an officer is not physically qualified to perform all duties of his grade. A few officers are allowed to retire voluntarily in certain circumstances, to stimulate promotion. Any officer on the retired list may be ordered by the Secretary to such duty as he may be able to perform : this is a legal provision to provide for emergencies. Promotion in the staff corps is dependent upon seniority, though relative rank in the lower grades in some corps somewhat depends upon promotion of line officers of the same length of service, and accounts for the existence of staff officers in the same grade having different ranks. All sea-going officers, after commission, are required to spend three years at sea, and are then usually employed on shore-duty for a time, according to the needs of the service — short terms of shore-duty thereafter alternating with three-year cruises. This rule is adhered to as strictly as circumstances will permit. Shore duty includes executive or distinctly professional duties in the Navy Department, under its bureaus, and at navy yards and stations; inspection of ordnance, machinery, dynamos, Ac., under construction by private firms ; duty on numerous temporary or permanent boards ; instructors at the Naval Academy; recruiting duty; charge of branch hydrographic offices; inspection duty in the lighthouse establishment; at state nautical schools; as attaches with United States legations; and many others. Naval constructors (usually), civil engineers, and professors of mathematics are continuously employed on shore-duty connected with their professions, the Naval Observatory, Nautical Almanac, and the Naval Academy employing most of the last. Warrant officers include boatswains, gunners, carpenters, sailmakers, warrant machinists, and pharmacists. The last are limited in number to twenty-five, and are stationed

at hospitals, Ac., ashore. Warrant machinists are at present limited by law to 150. The number of the others is at the discretion of the Secretary. The number in January 1901 was as follows : boatswains, 91 ; gunners, 95; carpenters, 62 ; sailmakers, 10. They are appointed by the Secretary, preference being given to enlisted men in the navy who have shown marked ability for the positions. They must be between twenty-one and thirty-five years of age, and pass an examination. After serving satisfactorily for one year under an acting appointment, they receive warrants that secure the permanency of their office. Ten years after appointment, boatswains, gunners, carpenters, and sailmakers, are eligible for examination for a commission as chief-boatswain, Ac., and as such they rank with, but next after, ensigns. ! Mates are rated by the Secretary from seamen or ordinary seamen. They have no relative rank, but take precedence of boatswains, though they seldom serve on large cruising vessels. There were but eight on the active list in January 1901. Clerks to pay officers are appointed by the Secretary on the nominations of the pay officers. They have no rank and are not promoted or retired. Their appointments are revoked when their services are no longer needed. The enlisted force numbers 20,000, including 2500 apprentices. Boys between fifteen and seventeen years old of good character, who can read and write and pass the physical examination, may enlist for the term of their minority. They enlist as third class apprentices, and are given six months’ instruction at a training station, and thence go to sea in apprentice training vessels. When proficient they are transferred to regular cruising vessels as second class, and when further qualified are rated first class. All other enlistments are for four years. First enlistments are made only in the following ratings and between the ages specified:— Years of Rating. Age. 21 to 35 Seamen 18 ,, 30 Ordinary seamen 18 „ 25 Landsmen. 21 ,, 35 Shipwrights. 21 „ 35 Blacksmiths. 21 „ 35 Plumbers and fitters 21 „ 35 Sailmakers’ mates. 21 ,, 35 Machinists, first class 21 ,, 35 Machinists, second class 21 ,, 35 Electricians, third class 21 ,, 35 Boilermakers
 * of all petty officers. Their duties approximate to those