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ADMIRALTY ADMINISTRATION 67 Something will b,e said a little later concerning the work- Naval Lord and Controller. He has charge of everything ing of the system and the relation of the First Lord to the that concerns the material of the fleet, and his operations Board in regard to the navy estimates. In addition to are the complement of the work of the first Naval Lord. general direction and supervision, the First Lord has special A great number of civil departments are directed by the charge of promotions and removals from the service, and Controller, and his survey and supervision extend to the of matters relating to honours and rewards, as well as the dockyards and building establishments of the fleet. He appointments of flag officers, captains, and other officers of submits plans to the board for new ships, and is responsthe higher ranks. With him rests also the nomination to ible for carrying into effect its decisions in regard to all naval cadetships for the major part and assistant clerkships. matters of construction and equipment. The building Apart from thel irstLord, the first Naval Lord is the most operations both in the dockyards and in private yards important officer of the Board of Admiralty. It seems to are therefore under his supervision. In regard to all be unquestionable that Sir James Graham was right in these matters, the director of naval construction and the describing the senior Naval Lord as his “ first naval ad- engineer - in - chief are the heads of the civil departments viser.” Theoretically, the first Naval Lord is responsible for that, carry on the work. Again, the controller is responsthe personnel of the fleet j but in practice he is necessarily ible in regard to armament—both gunnery and torpedo— concerned with the material also as soon as it is put into and it is the work of his department to see to all gunnery commission, and with the actual commissioning of it. It and torpedo fittings, and to magazines, shell-rooms, and is correct to say that he is chiefly concerned with the electric apparatus. The officer in immediate charge of employment of the fleet, though his advice has weight in this branch of the Controller’s work, under his direction, is regard to its character and sufficiency, and is always the director of naval ordnance. In regard to work at the sought in relation to the shipbuilding programme. dockyards (q.v.) the Controller is aided by the director of Broadly speaking, the first Naval Lord’s duties and authority dockyards. He supervises this officer in preparing the cover the fighting efficiency and employment of the fleet, programme of work done in the dockyards, the provision and upon him and upon the Controller the naval busi- of the material required, and its appropriation to partiness of the country largely falls. He directs the opera- cular work in accordance with the programme. Other tions of the admiral superintendent of naval reserves in officers who conduct great operations under the authority regard to ships, the hydrographer, the director of naval and responsibility of the Controller are the director of ordnance, so far as the gunnery and torpedo training stores, who maintains all necessary supplies of coal and establishments are concerned, and the naval intelligence stores at home and abroad, and examines the store department, and he has charge of all matters relating to accounts of ships, and the inspector of dockyard expense discipline. The mobilization of the fleet, both in regard accounts, who has charge of the accounts of dockyard to personnel and material, also falls to him, and among a expenditure and seeing that outlay is charged as directed. mass of other business in his department are necessary In regard to the navy estimates, the Controller, through preparations for the protection of trade and the fisheries. his subordinates, is responsible for the preparation and It will thus be seen that the first Naval Lord is the chief administration of votes 8 and 9 (those for shipbuilding officer of the Board of Admiralty, and that the operations and naval armaments), except in regard to some subof the other members of the Board all have relation to his headings of the former, and thus in the year 1900-1 for work, which is no other than preparation for war. It the expenditure of something like £15,000,000. may here be remarked that it appears most necessary to I he juniorNavalLord has in his hands the very important change the. Naval Lords frequently, so that there may duties that are concerned with the transport, medical, and always be in the Board some one who possesses recent victualling services, as well as the regulation of hospitals, touch with the service afloat. the charge of coaling arrangements for the fleet, and other The second Naval Lord may be regarded as the coadjutor duties that conduce to the practical efficiency of the navy. of the first iSaval Lord, with whose operations his duties He also appoints chaplains, naval instructors, medical are very closely related, though, like every other member of officeis (except in special cases), and officers of the accountthe Board, he is subordinate only to the First Lord. The ant branch. A vast business in regard to the internal duties of the second Naval Lord are wholly concerned with economy of ships greatly occupies the junior Lord. He the personnel of the fleet, the manning of the navy, and has charge, for example, of uniforms, prize - money, mobilization. In his hands rests the direction of naval bounties, naval savings banks, and pensions to seamen education, training, and the affairs of the royal marine and marines, and the widows of naval and marine officers. forces. The training establishments and colleges are in Thewoik of the junior Naval Lord places under his direction his hands. He appoints navigating officers and lieutenants the director of transports, the director-general of the Medical to ships (unless they be to command), sub - lieutenants, Department, the director of victualling, and, in regard to parmidshipmen, and cadets, engineer officers, gunners, and ticular matters, the director of stores, the accountant-general, boatswains, and supervises the management of the reserve. the chaplain of the fleet, and the Intelligence Department, In his province is the mobilization of the personnel, so far as the junior Lord s department is concerned. including the coastguard and the royal naval reserve. The Civil Lord supervises, through the director of works, " ecessarily, the first and second Naval Lords work together, the Works Department, dealing with Admiralty buildings and upon occasion can replace each other. It was explained and works, construction and labour, contracts, and purto the House of Lords committee in 1871—and the conchases of building stores and land. He is also responsdition still prevails—that the two senior Naval Lords—at ible for the civil staff of the naval establishments, except that time Admiral Sir Frederick Grey and Vice-Admiral in. regard to certain officials, and for duties connected Lden—were in constant communication in relation to the with Greenwich Hospital, compassionate allowances, charitcomplements of ships and the manning of the fleet, and able funds, and business of like character. The accountantthat each knew intimately the other’s work, and when necesgeneral, in regard to these matters, is directed by him, and sary could take charge of it with perfect confidence.1 the director of Greenwich Hospital is under his authority. Most important are the duties that fall to the Additional The parliamentary and financial secretary is responsible for the finance of the department, the navy estimates, and 6 H* drawback is, that a Naval Lord can only go on leave by matters of expenditure generally, and is consulted in throwing all his work on a colleague already overweighted with work. regard to all matters involving reference to the Treasury,