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AUSTRALIA [history and when the second reading of the Bill came on he provisions were made respecting appeals from the High Court to announced that a compromise had been agreed upon. the Sovereign in council. The constitution set forth ekbwate The final form of the disputed clause provided that in arrangements for the administration of finance and trade during the transition period following the transference of departments tf cases which involved non-Australian interests the right the Commonwealth. Within two years uniform customs duties of appeal should be fully maintained, and that in questions lm Sed; thereafter the p l exclusive ?° of the Commonbetween the Commonwealth and a single state, or between rU wealth had power to imposeParliament customs and excise duties or to grant bounties two states, leave to appeal might be given by the High be absolute y free. Exceptions were made permitting the stages to Court of Australia. Mr Chamberlain indicated that this grant bounties on mining and (with the consent of the parliament) matter might receive further development at a future on exports of produce or manufactures-West Australia being fofa time, and that it was possible that after consulting time partially exempted from the prohibition to impose import dudes with the colonies the Government might propose the The constitution, parfiament, and laws of each state, subject to establishment of a permanent court of appeal for the pat fCpei'a constltlltion, retained their authority ; state rights were carefully safeguarded, and an inter-state commission was gi^n whole empire. Soon after the passage of the Bill the poweis of adjudication and of administration of the laws relating choice of governor-general of the new Commonwealth fell to trade, transport, and other matters. Provision was made fo? upon Lord Hopetoun, who had won golde-n opinions as necessary alteration of the constitution of the Commonwealth but governor of Victoria a few years before; Mr Barton, who so that no alteration could be effected unless the question had been submitted to, and the change accepted by the electorate in had taken the lead among the Australian delegates, be- directly the states Ihe seat of government was to be within New South came first Prime Minister; and the Commonwealth was ^ ales,notnot than100100 milesmiles. distantUntil from other Sydney and ofwas an successfully inaugurated at the opening of 1901. area lessless than square p^oWsion made, the governor-general was to have a salary of £10 000 paid bv The six colonies entering the Commonwealth were denominated the Commonwealth. Respecting the salaries of the governors of 8 n S 1 original states, and new states might be admitted, or might be states, the constitution made no provision. formed by separation from or union of two or more states or parts of states; and territories (as distinguished from states) might be Authorities.—For Physical Geography: Barton. Australian taken over and governed under the legislative power of the Common- Physiography Brisbane, 1895.-Wall. Physical Geography of wealth. The legislative power is vested in a federal parliament, consi Provisions sting of the Sovereign, a senate, and a house of SvdMv'TsM' «8f-T4g1°K- a^%hyofNjZl S If Australia. T WdneLondon, 7’ 1898‘— aville Kent. Visit The Great BarrierReef Reef of the Act. rePreseiitatives, the Sovereign being represented by a of 1893.—Agassiz. to the Barrier governor-general. The Senate was to consist of the Cambridge Mass., 1899.—Thomson, J. P. The Physical Geography same number of members (not less than six) for each state, the term of Australia (Smithsonian Report). Washington, 1898 ^ For 06 ?ualtiUV bemg would six years, subject an arrangement tne number retirebutevery threeto years. The Housethat of ?8802°S^ C0Y- /f—Of Victoria. “Melbourne, 1874 Kepresentatives was to consist of members chosen in the different 1876 ClarkU %ef°g%C(? Observations. 2nd edition, London, states in nurnbers proportioned to their population, but never fewer SvdneTy 18 1878 TnSfT Formations of New South Wales. tnan live, i he first House of Representatives was to contain seventy- _u™ J S °N. Geology of Tasmania. Hobart 1888 and C Geolo(jy nd five members For elections to the Senate the governors of states, BrfsbJne 1899 92 Wo nn'w .f FaMontology of an or general elections of the House of Representatives the governor- UzA?’ I® Aiming Handbook to Queensland. the Colony Austraha. Perth, 1894.-Curran. Geology of Sydney general, would cause writs to be issued. The Senate would choose ofWestern Its own 1 resident, and the House of Representatives its Speaker • mid the Blue Mountains. Sydney, 1899. For Flora: MaLe/ eac house would make its own rules of procedure ; in each, one- Mueller. Flora Austrahensis. London, Sy ney 1889 f 1863-78.—Fitzgeraid ’ —Bentham and third of the number of members would form a quorum : the mem- Australian Orchids. Sydney, 1870-90.-Mueller. Cemus df bers of each must take oath, or make affirmation of allegiance : and. all alike would receive an allowance of £400 a year. The “TWM?+l Ti5- 1 Melbourne, 1889. For Fauna: Forbes^ h tllam I lands th to a former e P(n erS f th c « / eir Relation Southern“Sur Continent, ” Geographical Journal, vol. ii., 1893.—Hedley ™?++latlIbeing - transferred I ?, toPpbament a wide range,’many matteis it from the have colonial parliaments. The tinent vivmg Refugees in Austral Lands of Ancient Antarctic Life » more important subjects with which it deals are trade, shipping Royal Society N. S. Wales, 1895; “The Relation of the Fauna prpr] raffofway taxation, bounties, borrowing of moneyservices on the• UpSt Australia to those of New Zealand,” Nat. Science, credit thes ;Commonwealth postal and telegraphic 1893. Tenison-Woods.. The Fish and Fisheries of New South rnnW®’ census, and statistics currency, coinage, banking, bankMammals ^7’ °gUe History °f Australian Mammals. Sydney, 1892.—Aflalo. Catal Natural of AusmfrkU mamage and divorce; ,Teasuresimmigration .; copyright,and patents, and trade marks, emigration; con- tralia. London, 1896.—Flower and Lydekker. ciliation and arbitration m industrial disputes. Bills imposing Living and Extinct. London, 1891.-Ogilby, J Mammals Douglas’ taxation or appropriating revenue must not originate in the Senate^ the hes 0f New South Wales 4t0 and neither taxation Bills nor Bills appropriating revenue for the ’ > Sydney,Queens1886! For Aborigines : ™ Wallace. Australasia, 1893.—Roth. ZTlt rT °fa theeUu G^ernment mafbe'amended in the Smiate 5 risbane 1897 Bills t0 the House ' ?T ’ '—Lumholtz. Among Cannibals. wffh * i ? fr U ame 'n SUC1ment of Representatives Lonllon^S 1899d SP™UM^nTHEW ' Faglehawk andf Cmtral Crow. London, dea Uth1 nth f°ma U' S TaXatlon U - laws Appropriation laws must not EN must LondU 1899.—Howitt. iSQQ w ° Australia. Australian Association address 1893 s h P t off taxation t i ; ?' ‘Lai with one London, subject but' customs and excise duties may,only respecydney, 1894.—Curr, E. M. The Australian Race: its ’Origin ly 36 W1 t l to etlier P rUp ’ shall not, passg unless - Votes for th-e appropriation of the Languages, Customs, Ac., 4 vols. Melbourne, 1886-87. Fison’ revenue recommended by the governorLorimer, and Howitt, A. W. Kamilaroi and Kurnai, Group’ pro ides meaTls for Marriage, and Relationship, Ac., 8vo. Melbourne, 1880. For disnutesbeTwee00the ^1h^011 7 the settlement of and re( uir toTallfbnv^ TeS’power es theinassent of the Sovereign Statistics and Miscellanea: Coghlan, T. A. A' Statistical to lav s. Th Ihe executive isl vested the governor-general Account of the Seven Colonies of Australasia, %-vo. Sydney 1898 1 a oin command^ortb^601 ^1^andT™ by hfmself. He has Collingridge, G. The Discovery of Australia. Sydney’1895. rmy naVy PP 1 ated in pps, W. The Land Systems of Australia, 8vo. London 1894 hidll T ,o nministers t are members ’ T PP° federal ministers and judges. The of thets executive council ENC and must be, or within three months of their appointment must !UU y q 7'EST1885,-Garran, Exploration, R. The Coming Commonbecome, members of the parliament. The judicial^owers ai e veTd ro a Svo. ’ Sydney, wealth; a Handbook of Federal Government. Sydney 1897. i'U A’b for oonjt other good federalbehaviour. courts, andThe theHigh federal judges hold office lifeand or during Court has Rusden, George William. History of Australia, 3 vols Svo 1883.—Schmeisser, K. The Goldfields of Australasia appellate jurisdiction in cases from other federal courts and from 2London, vols. _ London, 1899.—Scott, G. F. The Romance of Australian the supreme courts of the states, and it has original jurisdiction in FfPlormg. London, 1899 —Walker, H. de R. Australasian matters arising under laws made by the federal parliament in disputes between states, or residents in different states snr! in Democracy. London, 1897.—Westgarth, William. Half J a matters affecting the representatives of foreign powers ’ Special Century of Australian Progress. London, 1899. (J. M. Cm; T. A. C.) END OF FIRST VOLUME. Printed by R. & R. Clakk, Limited, Edinburgh.
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