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 AUGUSTOWO — AURORA

785

the north-west division of the dominions of the Nizam of Haidar&bad, on the river Kaum. It is a railway station on the Haidardbdd-Godaveri line, 435 miles from Bombay. In 1891 the population, with military cantonments, was 33,887 ; in 1901 it was 26,165, showing a decrease of 23 per cent. It has a cotton mill, with 184 looms and 16,500 spindles, and employing 722 hands. The district of Aurang&bcid has an area of 6176 square miles. The population (1891) was 1,094,601, being 152 persons per square mile; in 1901 it was 984,700, showing a decrease of 13 per cent,, due to the famine of 1899-1900. It contains the famous caves of Ajanta, and also the battlefield of Assaye. Auray, (Breton Alrac), a town of France, department of Morbihan, in the arrondissement of Lorient, 12 miles W. of Vannes by rail. Iron manufacture and oyster culture are the chief industries ; mine props are sent to England. Population (1881), 5064; (1891), 5071; (1896), 5193, (comm.) 6099 ; (1901), 6485. Aurelle de Paladines, Louis Jean Baptiste d’ (1804-1877), French general, was born at Malzieu, Lozere, on the 9th of January 1804, was educated at St Cyr, and entered the army as sub-lieutenant of foot in 1824. He served with distinction in Algeria against the Arabs between 1841 and 1848 (lieut.colonel, officer Legion of Honour) ; took part in the Roman campaigns of 1848 and 1849 (colonel); and served as general of brigade throughout the Crimean War of 1854-56 (general of division, commander Legion of Honour). During the campaign in Lombardy in 1859 he commanded the ninth division at Marseilles, and superintended the despatch of men and stores to the seat of war (grand officer Legion of Honour). Placed on the reserve list in 1869, he was recalled to the Marseilles command on the outbreak of the Franco-German war of 1870-71. The revolution of the 4th September obliged him to leave Marseilles, but after the defeat of De la Motterouge and capture of Orleans by the Germans, he was appointed by the Government of National Defence, in November 1870, to the command of the army of the Loire. He was at first very successful against Von der Tann, winning the battle of Coulmiers and compelling the Germans to evacuate Orleans, but the capitulation of Metz had set free additional German troops to oppose him, and, after his defeat at Beaune la Rolande and subsequent unsuccessful fighting near Orleans, resulting in its recapture by the Germans in December, Aurelle retreated into the Sologne and was superseded. After the armistice he was elected to the National Assembly by the departments both of Allier and Gironde. He sat for Allier and was one of the fifteen officers chosen to assist in the peace negotiations. He was decorated with the grand cross of the Legion of Honour, and was given the command at Bordeaux, but retired in 1872. Elected a life senator in 1875, he supported the monarchical majority of 1876. He Aumale, Due d See Orleans. died at Versailles on the 17th of December 1877. He Aundh, a native state of India, in the Deccan was the author of La Premiere Armee de la Loire, pubdivision of Bombay, ranking as one of the Satara Jagirs. lished in 1872. His fine qualities as a soldier were marred Its area is 447 square miles; its population (65,146 in by indecision. (r. h. v.) 1891) was 63,933 in 1901 ; its gross revenue in 1897-98 Aurillac, chief town of department Cantal, France, was Rs.1,89,311, of which Rs.31,779 was expended on public works; the number of police was 65; the boys at 366 miles S. of Paris by rail. There is a bronze statue school numbered 998. The chief, whose title is Pant (1883) of General Delzons. Its manufactures comprise Pratinidhi, is a Brahman by caste. The state has suffered copper wares, chemical products, umbrellas, goloshes, and Population (1881), 11,655; (1891), 12,587 ; severely from plague, the number of deaths down to July sabots. 1898 having been 661. The town of Aundh is situated (1896), 13,531, comm. 14,578; (1901), 17,459. in 17° 32' N. lat. and 74° 22' E. long., 26 miles south-east Aurora, a city of Kane county, Illinois, U.S.A., of Satara. Population, about 3500. situated in 41° 46' N. lat. and 88° 17' W. long., on the AUTcing'cCbcldy a town and district of India, in Fox river, 39 miles W.S.W. of Chicago, at an altitude of S. I. — 99

was the mother of Prince Frederick Charles, the famous general. There were two children of the marriage, Frederick (q.v.), the future emperor, and Louise (b. 1838), who married the grand-duke of Baden. In 1840, on the death of his father, Prince William, who, as his elder brother was childless, was now heir-presumptive, took the title of Prince of Prussia; in 1858 he became Prince Regent, and in 1861 succeeded to the throne. In 18/1 he assumed the title of German emperor. The princess brought with her from Weimar a keen interest in art and literature ; she continued to correspond with Goethe till his death. She also gave considerable attention to political affairs and was (again a tradition of the court of Weimar) more favourable to constitutional government and political liberty than was quite consistent with the usual tone of the Prussian court. After 1840 she and her husband generally lived at Coblenz, which always remained her favourite place of residence; but when in Berlin, especially after 1848, she became to some extent the centre of a Liberal opposition to the Government. This attitude she continued after Prince William had become king, and her influence was generally unfavourable to the policy and person of Bismarck, who in his posthumous memoirs has left a record of the difficulties which he sometimes experienced from her opposition. She was greatly interested in works of charity and benevolence and took an active part in the organization of the Red Cross Society and the Good Samaritans, established for the relief of sufferers in time of war. The old Weimar traditions continued to influence her to her latest years, and she had little sympathy with the military spirit which prevailed at the Prussian court or with the exaggeration of national feeling which became common aft<^r the great war. After 1870 again her dislike of Bismarck’s policy was increased by his struggle with the Church, for though a Lutheran she always showed much interest in the Roman Catholic Church as in the worship of other religious denominations, especially that of the Anglican Church, in the ministrations of which she found much comfort in her declining years. She died in Berlin on the 7th of January 1890. (j. w. He.) AwgUStOWO, a district town of Russian Poland, 135 miles S. of Suwatki, on the canal of the same name (65 miles), connecting the Vistula with the Niemen by means of the Netta, Czernoganza, and several lakes. It has a considerable export trade to the Baltic Sea. Population .(1897), 12,746. All lie-at a, a small district, town and fort of Russian Turkestan, province of Syr-daria, 260 miles N.E. of Tashkent on the highway to Vyernyi, situated on the Talas river at the western end of the high Alexandrovskiy range, its altitude being 5700 feet. The inhabitants of the town are mostly Sarts and Tajiks trading in cattle, horses, hides, &c. The population in 1897 was 12,006.