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 AUCH—AUERSPERG

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Its manufactures are extensive, in 1890 having a value an oratorio, La Sulamite (Marseilles, 1876), and numerous of more than $9,000,000, and consist largely of agri- minor works, but he is known almost entirely as a comHis first Parisian cultural implements and boots and shoes. The city is poser of the lighter forms of opera. 1 traversed by the New York Central and Hudson River success was made with Les Noces d Olivette (1879), a work and the Lehigh Valley railways. It was the home of which speedily found its way to London and (as Olivette) William H. Seward, secretary of state during the Civil ran for more than a year at the Strand Theatre (1880-81). War and the period of reconstruction. Population (1880), Audran’s music has, in fact, met with as much favour in England as in France, and all save a few of his works 21,924; (1890), 25,858; (1900), 30,345. have been given in a more or less adapted form in London AllCh, chief town of department Gers, France, 426 theatres. Besides those already mentioned, the following miles S.S.W. of Paris, on railway from Agen to Toulouse. have been the most undeniably successful of Audran’s There are a civil and military hospital and a large asylum. many comic operas : Le Grand Mogol (Marseilles, 1876 ; Important articles of commerce are wine, corn, and wool; Paris, 1884; London, as The Grand Mogul, 1884), La poultry are extensively exported, and its pates-de-foie (of Mascotte (Paris, 1880; London, as The Mascotte, 1881), duck) are esteemed; marble and spar are worked. Gillette de Narbonne (Paris, 1882 ; London, as Gillette, Population (1881), 9560; (1891), 9273; (1896), 9313; 1883), La Cigale et la Fourmi (Paris, 1886 ; London, as (1901), 13,939. La Cigale, 1890), Miss Helyett (Paris, 1890; London, as Auckland, an important seaport, on the southern Miss Decima, 1891), La Poup'ee (Paris, 1896 ; London, shore of Waitemata harbour, Eden county, in the province 1897). Audran was one of the best of the successors of Auckland, North Island, New Zealand. It is the of Offenbach. He had little of Offenbach’s humour, largest and most beautiful town in New Zealand. Its but his music is distinguished by an elegance and a public library and art gallery owe much to the generosity refinement of manner which lift it above the level of of Sir George Grey and other citizens. Its museum shows opera bouffe to the confines of genuine opera comique. the best existing collection of Maori art. The extension He was a fertile if not a very original melodist, and his of the city has not marred the charm of the surroundings. orchestration is full of variety, without being obtrusive or These, indeed, have been beautified by gardens and tree vulgar. Many of his operas, La Mascotte in particular, planting. The industries are substantial, among them reveal a degree of musicianship which is rarely associated being sugar-refining, shipbuilding, and manufactures of with the ephemeral productions of the lighter stage. He rope and twine, bricks and tiles, while there are also timber died 17th August 1901. (r. a. s.) works. The harbour accommodation is very good, and Auerbach, Berthold (1812-1882), German includes two graving docks, of which one (the Calliope) novelist, was born on 28th February 1812, at Nordstetten is 525 feet long, the other 312. The total trade in 1893 was £2,744,277 ; in 1896, £3,236,605; in 1899, in the Black Forest. His parents were Jews, and £4,071,323. The registered tonnage of shipping in 1899 he was intended for the priesthood; but, becoming was—inwards, 311,827 tons; outwards, 214,351 tons. estranged from Jewish orthodoxy by the study of Spinoza, Population of borough (1871) 18,000, (1881) 26,083, he devoted himself to literature, and made a fortunate beginning in a romance on the life of Spinoza (1837), (1901) 34,216; of province (1901) 175,854. so interesting in itself, and so close in its adherence AudC, a department in the S. of France, bordering to fact, that it may be read with equal advantage as on the Mediterranean. It is traversed by offshoots of the a novel or as a biography. A translation of Spinoza’s Pyrenees and of the Corbieres, and watered by the Aude. works followed in 1841, and Auerbach turned to the Area, 2448 square miles, distributed among 31 cantons and 439 class of fiction which has made him famous : the Dorfcommunes. Population, 332,080 in 1886 ; 310,513 in 1896 ; 313,531 geschichten, or stories of peasant life in the Black Forest, in 1901. The chief towns are Carcassonne, the capitaf, with a in which, as well as in Barfiissele, Edelweiss, and other population of 30,000 in 1896, Castelnaudary, Limoux, and Narbonne (30,000 inhabitants). Births in 1899, 6233, of which 232 were ille- novels of greater compass, he depicts the life of the south gitimate ; deaths, 6227 ; marriages, 2286. In 1896 the primary German peasant as Jeremias Gotthelf had painted the schools numbered 836, with 45,000 pupils. Four per cent, of the peasantry of Switzerland, but in a much less realistic population was illiterate. The surface under cultivation measured spirit. When this vein was exhausted Auerbach returned 975,650 acres, of which 476,710 acres were plough-land, and 284,000 acres laid out in vines. In this latter culture Aude holds the third to his first phase as a philosophical novelist, producing rank in France, in respect of extent of cultivation. In 1899 the Auf der Hohe, Das Landhaus am Rhein, and other wheat crop yielded a value of £463,203 ; maize is one of the romances of profound speculative tendencies, turning on cultures next in importance. In 1899 the vines gave a gross return plots invented by himself. These were no exception to of the value of £4,040,000. The mulberry is also grown. In the general wearisomeness of long German novels, and 1898 the live stock numbered 25,136 horses and 31,080 cattle. Aude produces a little iron and (1898) 8000 tons of sea salt. Auerbach’s fame will continue to rest upon his DorfThere is no working in metals, and the other industries, giving way geschichten, impaired as the celebrity of even these has before all-engrossing viticulture, are quite inconsiderable. been by the growing demand for a more uncompromising realism. Auerbach died at Cannes, 8th February Audenarde. See Oudenarde. 1882. (r. g.) Audran, Edmond (1842 1901), French musical Auersperg, Anton Alexander, Count composer, was born at Lyons in 1842. He studied music at the ficole Niedermeyer, where he won the prize for (1806-1876), "after Grillparzer the most celebrated modern composition in 1859. Two years later he accepted the Austrian poet, was born at Laibach, 11th April 1806. Born post of organist of the church of St Joseph at Marseilles. to an ample fortune, he took a prominent part in public He made his first appearance as a dramatic composer life, which became more active as the grip of absolutism at Marseilles with L’Ours et le Pacha (1862), a musical gradually relaxed. At first the object of persecution and version of one of Scribe’s vaudevilles. This was followed suspicion for his Liberal tendencies, he was in 1860 by La Chercheuse d?Esprit (1864), a comic opera, also pro- summoned by the Crown to represent Carinthia in the duced at Marseilles. Audran wrote a funeral march on Diet, and was made a peer for life in the following year. the death of Meyerbeer, which was performed with some His subsequent course was that of a determined opponent success, and made various attempts to win fame as a writer of federalism, but the current of events was too strong for of sacred music. He produced a mass (Marseilles, 1873), him. He died at Gratz, on 12th September 1876. As a