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 ADAMAWA — ADAMS and Pisidian Antioch, and the centre of a large sea-borne trade. It became the metropolis of Pamphylia, and in 1148 it gave timely shelter to the harassed troops that Louis VII. of France was leading to Palestine. Afterwards it passed to the Seljuk Turks, 1206; to the Venetians, 1307 ; to the Mongols, the Genoese, and finally to the Osmanli Sultan Murad II. (1421-51). Adalia has lost much of its trade since the opening of railways from Smyrna to the interior, but it still exports cereals, timber, valonea, liquorice root, and cotton ; the exports in 1899 were valued at £152,156, the imports at £120,073. It is the seat of a British vice-consulate. Population, 30,000 (Moslems, 24,000 ; Christians, many apparently of Jewish origin, 6000). Ada.9Tlcl.Wsl, a country of West Africa, now divided between the British colony of Nigeria (which includes the chief town, Yola) and the German colony of Cameroon. Recent estimates place the height of the granite range of Alantika, the loftiest point in the country, at only 6000 feet. The pagan negro tribes have been dominated by the Mahommedan Fullas, so widely spread over West and Central Africa, for about four centuries. There are also in the country to-day large numbers of Haussas, who continue to push southwards as traders, as well as Arabs and Kanuri. The Emir of the state* of Yola formerly claimed rights of suzerainty over the whole of Adamawa, but the country now consists of a number of separate sultanates which are gradually being brought under the influence of the British and Germans. The town of Garua on the Upper Benue is one of the principal trade centres in the north, and that of Yoko one of the principal in the south. After Barth, the first traveller to penetrate Adamawa was the German, E. R.. Elegel (1882), but the country has since been traversed by many expeditions, especially that of Uechtritz and Passarge (1893-94). (See especially Passabge. Adamaua. Berlin, 1895.) Adams, a town in Berkshire county, in the northwestern part of Massachusetts, U.S.A., having an area of 23 square miles. It includes a portion of the valley of Hoosac river, extending to the Hoosac range on the east, and on the west to Greylock mountain, the highest point in the state, having an altitude of 3505 feet. The valley portion is level and contains several villages, the largest of which bears the same name as the town. Adams village is on a branch of the Boston and Albany railroad, is irregularly laid out, and has an altitude above sea of 798 feet. The town was incorporated in 1778. The population in 1880 was 5591 ; in 1890 it was 9213, and in 1900 it was 11,134. Adams, Charles Francis (1807-1886), American diplomatist, son of John Quincy Adams, and grandson of John Adams, was born in Boston on the 18th of August 1807. His father, having been appointed minister to Russia, took him to St Petersburg, where he acquired a perfect familiarity with French, learning it as his native tongue. After eight years spent in Russia and England, he attended Harvard College, and graduated there at eighteen. Then he lived two years in the White House, Washington, during the presidency of his father, studying law and moving in society, where he met Webster, Clay, Jackson, and Randolph. Returning to Boston he devoted ten years to business and study, and wrote for the North American Review. He also undertook the management of his father’s pecuniary affairs, and actively supported him in his contest in the House of Representatives for the right of petition and the anti-slavery cause. In 1848 he was prominent in politics as a “ Conscience Whig,” presiding over the Buffalo Convention which formed the Free Soil party and nominated Van Buren for president and himself for vice-president. As a member of the House of Representatives in that Congress which sat from 3rd December 1860 to 4th March 1861, he represented Massachusetts in

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the committee of thirty-three at the time of the secession of seven of the Southern States. His selection by thechairman of this committee to present to the full committee certain propositions agreed upon by two-thirds of the republican members, and his calm and able speech of 31st January 1861 in the House, served to make him conspicuous before Congress and the country. Together with Seward, he stood for the republican policy of concession and, while he was criticized severely, and charged with inconsistency in view of his record as a Conscience Whig, he was of the same mind as Lincoln, willing to concede nonessentials, but holding rigidly to the principle, properly understood, that there must be no extension of slavery. He believed that as the republicans were the victors they ought to show a spirit of conciliation, and that the policy of righteousness was likewise one of expediency, since it would have for its result the holding of the border slave States with the North until 4th March, when the republicans could take possession of the Government at Washington. With the incoming of the new administration Secretary Seward secured for Adams the appointment of minister to Great Britain. So much sympathy was shown in England for the southern cause that his path was beset with difficulties; but his mission was to prevent the interference of Great Britain in the struggle; and while the work of Lincoln, Seward, and Sumner, and the cause of emancipation, tended to this end, the American minister was insistent and unyielding, and knew how to present his case forcibly and with dignity. He laboured with energy and discretion to prevent the escape of the Alabama; and, when unsuccessful in this, he persistently urged upon the British Government its responsibility for the destruction of American merchant vessels by that cruiser. His reserve and frigidity, enforced by his diplomatic ability and high character, procured him the respect of the English, and were of marked assistance to him in his ministerial and social duties. In many emergencies he displayed coolness and courage of a high order. In his own diary he shows that underneath the calm exterior were serious trouble and keen anxiety ; and, in fact, the strain which he underwent during the Civil war made itself felt in later years. Adams was instrumental in getting Earl Russell to stop the Alexandra, and it was his industry and pertinacity in argument and remonstrance that induced Russell to order the detention in September 1863 of the two ironclad rams intended for the Southern Confederacy. Adams remained in England until May 1868. His last important work was as a member of the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva, which disposed of the “ Alabama claims.” His knowledge of the subject, and his fairness of mind, enabled him to render his country and the cause of international arbitration valuable service. He died at Boston on the 21st of November 1886. An excellent biography of him has been written by his son, Charles F. Adams, in the American Statesmen series (1900). For his labours in editing works and memoirs, his private speeches and honorary degrees, see Memoir in Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, October 1899. (j. f. R.) Adams, John Couch (1819-1892), British astronomer, was born at Lidcot farmhouse, Laneast, Cornwall, on 5th June 1819. His father, Thomas Adams, was a tenant farmer; his mother, Tabitha Knill Grylls, inherited a small estate at Badharlick. From the village school at Laneast he went, at the age of twelve, to Devonport, where his mother’s cousin, the Rev. John Couch Grylls, kept a private school. His promise as a mathematician induced his parents to send him to the University of Cambridge, and in October 1839 he entered as a sizar at St John’s College. He graduated B.A. in 1843 as the-