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 ARNHEM — A R N I M Lord Armstrong, who was raised to the peerage in mechanical arts, both of war and of peace. Modern artillery dates from about 1856, when Armstrong’s first gun made 1887, was the author of A Visit to Egypt (1873) and its appearance. Of this weapon it may be affirmed that it Electric Movement in Air and IFoier (1897), besides many embodied all the essential features which distinguish the professional papers. He died on 27th December 1900, at (h. m. r.) ordnance of to-day from the cannon of the Middle Ages— Rothbury, Northumberland. it was built up of rings of metal shrunk upon an inner Arnhem, the chief town of the province of steel barrel; it was loaded at the breech; it was rifled; and Gelderland, Netherlands, 9 miles N. by E. of it threw, not a round ball, but an elongated projectile with Nimeguen. Population, 31,626 in 1870, 56,812 in 1900. ogival head. Big guns, as Armstrong found them, were This increase is due to the beautiful situation of the really nothing more than blocks of metal bored with a town on the slope of the Yeluwe Hills, its proximity circular hole, their makers generally working on the to the fertile Betuwe district, the meeting of the Rhine assumption that their strength was proportionate to the and Ysel near the town, and its flourishing markets and thickness of the walls of the tube. But he saw that the shipping. A new Roman Catholic Church was founded greatest resistance to bursting was not to be obtained in 1894; in 1880 a building to contain the archives was from a given weight of metal in this fashion, since the erected, and in 1893 an hospital. The large assembly inner portions of the material composing a cylinder, which hall {Musis Sacrum) was rebuilt in 1889, and the gasworks is subjected to high internal pressure, may be strained be- in 1892-93. A wharf for building and restoring iron yond the bursting-point before the outer ones have reached steamers was constructed on the Rhine in 1889. it. Hence he adopted the “ shrinkage ” principle of Arnim, Harry Karl Kurt Eduard construction. Starting with a steel tube to form the barrel, he made a homogeneous cylindrical jacket by VOn, Count (1824-1881), German diplomatist, was a winding a bar of wrought-iron round a mandril slightly member of one of the most numerous and most widely smaller than the barrel, and welding the turns together. spread families of the Prussian nobility. He was born in This, when cold, was naturally too small to pass over the Pomerania on the 3rd of October 1824, and brought barrel; it could, however, be slipped on if expanded by up by his uncle Henry von Arnim, who was Prussian heat, and, if it were then allowed to cool, its contraction ambassador at Paris and foreign minister from March brought about a condition of compression in the metal to June 1848, while Count Arnim of Boytzenburg, forming the inner layers of the gun, together with one of whose daughter Harry von Arnim afterwards married, tension in those composing the outer ones, which theory was minister-president. It is noticeable that the uncle indicated would offer the most advantageous disposition was brought before a court of justice and fined for of metal as regards resistance to bursting. The guns publishing a pamphlet directed against the ministry of which Armstrong constructed on this principle yielded Manteuffel. After holding other posts in the diplomatic such excellent results, both in range and accuracy, that service Arnim was in 1864 appointed Prussian envoy, and they were adopted by the British Government in 1859, he in 1867 envoy of the North German Confederation at the himself being appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and Papal Court. In 1869 he proposed that the Governments receiving the honour of knighthood. Great Britain thus should appoint representatives to be present at the Vatican originated a principle of gun construction which has since Congress, a suggestion which was rejected by Bismarck, been universally followed, and obtained an armament and foretold that the promulgation of papal infallibility superior to that possessed by any other country at that would bring serious political difficulties. After the recall time. But while there was no doubt as to the shooting of the French troops from Rome he attempted unsuccesscapacities of these guns, defects in the breech mechanism fully to mediate between the pope and the Italian Governsoon became equally patent, and in a few years caused ment. He was appointed in 1871 German commissioner a reversion to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned his to arrange the final treaty with France, a task which he position in 1863, and for seventeen years the Government’s carried out with such success that in 1871 he was appointed expert advisers remained faithful to the older method of German envoy at Paris, and in 1872 received his definite loading, refusing to see the improvements which experi- appointment as ambassador, a post of the greatest difficulty ment and research at Elswick and elsewhere had during and responsibility. Differences soon arose between him and that period produced in the mechanism and performance of Bismarck; he wished to support the Monarchical party heavy guns. But at last Armstrong’s results became too which was trying to overthrow Thiers, while Bismarck good to be ignored; and the official eye being no longer ordered him to stand aloof from all French parties; he did able to blink the fact that his long breech-loaders not give that implicit obedience to his instructions which possessed advantages unobtainable with the obsolete type Bismarck required. Bismarck, however, was unable to reof muzzle-loaders, breech-loading guns were received back call him because of the great influence which he enjoyed into the service in 1880. It should be mentioned that the at court and the confidence which the emperor placed in use of steel wire for the construction of guns was also one him. He was looked upon by the Conservative party, who of Armstrong’s early ideas. He perceived that to coil were trying to overthrow Bismarck, as his successor, and many turns of thin wire round an inner barrel was a it is said that he was closely connected with the court logical extension of the large hooped method already intrigues against the chancellor. In the beginning of mentioned, and in conjunction with Brunei, the engineer, 1874 he was recalled and appointed to the embassy at was preparing to put the plan to practical test when the Constantinople, but this appointment was immediately discovery that it had already been patented caused him to revoked. A Vienna newspaper published some correabandon his intention for many years. This incident well spondence on the Vatican council including confidential illustrates the ground of his objection to the British despatches of Arnim’s, with the object of showing that he system of patent law, which he looked upon as calculated had shown greater foresight than Bismarck. It was then to stifle invention and impede progress; the patentees in found that a considerable number of papers were missing this case did not manage to make a practical success of their from the Paris embassy, and on 4th October Arnim was invention themselves, but the existence of prior patents was arrested on the charge of embezzling state papers. This sufficient to turn him aside from a path which conducted him recourse to the criminal law against a man of his rank, to valuable results, when afterwards, owing to the expiry of who had held one of the most important diplomatic posts, caused great astonishment. His defence was that the those patents, he was free to pursue it as he pleased. 674