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Rh provide each 1 battalion of 4 eompaniescompanies [sic] of pioneers, and 1 telegraph company ; the remaining ordus have each 1 company only. The 2nd ordu has in addition a pontoon train under the ordnance department. There are two regiments of 3 battalions of 2 and 1 torpedo battalion. The establishment of an engineer company is about 200 men of all ranks, and of a telegraph company about 106. Higher Organization.—Each ordu is supposed to form a nizam army corps of 2 divisions, and ordus 1 to 5 also supply 4 divisions of redifs. A nizam division would probably consist of 16 battalions of infantry, 1 battalion of rifles, and 1 regiment of field artillery. A cavalry division might consist of 6 regiments and 1 battalion of horse artillery——24 squadrons and 18 guns. A nizam army corps would comprise 2 infantry divisions and 1 cavalry division. The redif divisions would depend on the nizam army for their artillery, and there is not sufficient nizam cavalry to enable them to be formed into army corps. The army corps organization, however, has not been wholly naturalized in the Turkish empire, and is not well suited to its conditions. The combatant forces of Turkey number about 700,000 men, exclusive of a large number of mustahfizmustafiz [sic], who cannot be said to be organized, but who would provide able-bodied men partly trained.

The Swiss army is a purely militia force, receiving only periodical training, but based upon the principle of universal service. Liability begins at the age of 20 and lasts for 25 years. Cavalry men receive a recruit’s course of 80 days’ training on joining, and subsequently a course of 10 days in each year, until the end of the 11th year. Artillery and infantry undergo recruits’ courses of 55 and 45 days respectively, and a repetition course of 18 and 16 days in every alternate year till the end of the 12th year, when they pass into the landwehr, and receive 6 and 5 days’ training every fourth year. The Confederation supplies certain units which are recruited throughout the country. The rest of the army is recruited in 8 territorial districts. The armed strength consists of (1) the active army; (2) the fortress garrison; (3) the landwehr; (4) the landsturm. The active army is organized in four army corps which draws only to a small extent upon the landwehr. The fortress garrisons are made up of active troops (élite) and landwehr. The rest of the landwehr is organized in regiments, squadrons, companies of position artillery and engineers, and units. The landsturm includes all able-bodied men between 17 and 50 who are not included in the active army and landwehr, volunteers under 17 and over 50, and officers up to 55 years of age. It is divided into two classes, of which the first consists of all men under 20, who on mobilization join the active army as recruits. The 2nd class, consisting of men of 20 and upwards, is divided into the “armed landsturm” and the “auxiliary troops.” The armed landsturm forms 96 fusilier battalions of 3, 4, or 5 companies, 23 carabinier companies, and 26 companies of position artillery. It is inspected and drilled on one day in each year. The “auxiliary troops ” form 410 pioneer companies about 200 strong, and “special detachments ” for administrative services. Cavalry.—The cavalry of the active army consists of 24 squadrons of dragoons and 12 companies of guides, the former being organized in 8 regiments of 3 squadrons. The landwehr cavalry supplies the same number of units, but has no horses. A dragoon regiment has 17 officers and 358 N.C.O.’s and men. Of the 12 companies of guides, 8 are attached to divisions and have the same strength as a squadron of dragoons. Cavalry horses are kept for a year in the remount depots before being issued to recruits. After passing through the recruit’s course, the cavalry man takes his horse to his home, paying half its cost as security. This sum is repaid by the state in “ yearly instalments,” and at the end of the

10 years’ service the horse becomes the property of the man. Dragoons are armed with sword and a magazine carbine, weighing 7'05 lb., calibre 0’295 in., muzzle velocity 1800 f.s. The Swiss cavalry, on account of its brief training, is intended to be almost wholly in reconnaissance and as mounted infantry. Artillery.—The active artillery comprises 56 field and 4 batteries, each of 6 guns ; there is no horse artillery. For fortress work there are 8 companies, 3 observation companies, and 2 machine gun detachments. The landwehr provides parks, ammunition trains, and 15 position companies. The 56 field batteries form 12 regiments, 8 of which, each consisting of 2 brigade divisions of 2 batteries, are attached to the 8 divisions. The remaining 4 regiments each consist of 2 brigade divisions of 3 batteries, allotted as corps artillery to the 4 army corps. A regiment of 4 batteries contains 23 officers and 652 N.C.O.’s and men, with 340 horses and 24 guns. The field artillery is armed with a 3&middot;31-in. Krupp gun, firing a 14‘8-lb shrapnel, with a muzzle velocity of 1590 f.s. The mountain gun, calibre 2&middot;95 in., fires a shrapnel of 10&middot;14 lb, with a muzzle velocity of 1004 f.s. There are 5 brigade divisions of position artillery, each composed of 2 active companies and 3 of landwehr. A brigade division numbers 41 officers and 778 N.C.O.’s and men. Its armament consists of 16 12-cm. guns, 12 12-em. mortars, and 12 6-cm. guns. Of the position artillery, 1½ brigade divisions are allotted to the St. Gothard and St. Maurice defeneesdefences [sic] ; the rest is available for with the field army. There are 3 brigade divisions of fortress artillery attached to the defences above mentioned. Artillery horses and those of the train are hired when required. Infantry.—The active infantry consists of 96 fusilier and 8 carabinier battalions, each containing 25 officers and about 730 N.C.O.’s and men, or 720 combatants in all. A fusilier regiment consists of 3 battalions. The landwehr infantry consists of 66 fusilier and 8 carabinier battalions. Throughout the army there is only one establishment—that laid down for war. The active army and landwehr infantry are armed with the Schmidt magazine rifle, calibre 0'295 in., weight with bayonet 10‘43 lb, muzzle velocity 1900 f.s. The landsturm infantry have the Vetterli rifle, calibre 0&middot;410 in., weight with bayonet 11‘46 lb, muzzle velocity 1411 f.s. Engineers.—The engineers of the active army comprise 8 half- battalions of 2 companies of sappers, 4 bridging detachments of 2 pontoon companies, 4 telegraph companies, 1 railway battalion of 4 companies, 1 balloon company, and 3 fortress companies. The landwehr provides 16 sapper companies, 2 bridging , 4 telegraph companies, and 4 railway companies. Higher Organization.—The field army is organized in four army corps of 2 divisions, with corps troops. Each division contains 2 infantry brigades of 2 regiments of 2 battalions, together with 1 guide company, 2 brigade divisions of field artillery, a carabinier battalion, and half a battalion of engineers. The 8 divisions are recruited in 8 territorial districts. On mobilization the active army absorbs 230 officers and 5736 N.C.O.’s and men from the landwehr. The approximate total strength of establishments is as follows:—— In addition, the “armed landsturm” numbers about 53,500 men of all ranks. The pioneer companies supply about 104,000 men, and the special detachments about 114,000 men. The former have received extremely little training, the latter consist of men told off as far as possible for miscellaneous duties to which they are accustomed. The Swiss army is a highly organized force, which, regarded as a militia, has no equal. The amount of imparted to it is necessarily limited, but is made as thorough as possible; and the results obtained, as shown by manoeuvres, are surprising. Against the small amount of actual drill must be set the long service of 11 or 12 years passed in the same unit. The men thus acquire a solidarity which cannot be at once attained in bodies made up from reserves on mobilization. Composed of mature and hardy men inured to the conditions of a mountainous country, the army is unquestionably a powerful defensive force,