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 [GERMANY ARM I E S tarily join. Their course there lasts three (in exceptional cases, two) the President to decide upon the number of men required, years, and they are bound to serve four years in the army after and then call upon Governors of States to furnish each leaving the school. Non-commissioned officers are encouraged to their quota, according to population. Regiments were remain in the army by a promise of employment in the gendarmerie then organized in the several States, either by filling up after nine, or in the civil service after twelve years ; and on leaving organizations of the militia already existing, or by creating the army they receive a gratuity which varies from 50s., after five, £50 after twelve years’ service. Pensions are given to invalids. entirely new ones. The officers were appointed by the to Officers are obtained from two sources—(a) cadets, and (5) two- or respective Governors. The troops thus organized did not three-year volunteers. Cadets join a provincial cadet-house come under federal control until formally mustered into between ten and fifteen years of age, and afterwards pass two and a the service of the United States ; and this means of rapidly half years in the Central Institution, near Berlin. At about eighteen of age, they are appointed ensigns {Fahnrick, an intermediate raising a large army has been found by experience to be years rank between officer and non-commissioned officer) direct. Those inefficient and expensive. (w. a. s.) volunteers who desire to become officers must be approved of by their commanding officer, and pass an examination or produce equivalent school certificates. They are private soldiers, but are Germany. known as aspirants to commissions {Fdhnenjunker) ; they may live The liability to service in the German army is universal, at the officers’ mess, and may wear when off duty uniforms of finer and lasts from the 17th to the 45th year. Liability to cloth. After five months’ actual service, and being passed prothey may be promoted ensigns. All ensigns must pass active service begins on the 1st January of the year in fessionally, through a “war school,” at which the course (military subjects, which the man completes his 20th year, and is divided both theoretical and practical instruction) lasts nine months; into service in the standing army, its reserve, and the after which they pass their “officers’ examination,” and are landwehr of the 1st and 2nd bans. Liability to serve in nominated lieutenants as vacancies arise. They must, however, be balloted for and accepted by the officers of the regiment they the standing army lasts for three years from the date of first are to join. joining (usually in October), for men posted to the cavalry Officers of the reserve come, for the most part, from former oneand horse artillery, and for two years for the other arms; year volunteers, who, after their one year’s service, do two trainings but these latter may also be held to serve three years. of eight weeks each, and pass an examination. The one-year volunThereafter, men belong to the reserve for four years, and teers who do not become reserve officers become non-commissioned of the reserve. are passed to the 1st ban of the landwehr in the spring officers There are four separate armies—those of Prussia and of the minor following the date on which they complete seven years’ states, Bavaria, Saxony, and Wiirtemberg—each administered service. Service in the 1st ban lasts five years, and in the separately by its own War Ministry, but all bound to conform as 2nd is prolonged to the,31st March of the year in which the regards organization, formation, training, pay, command, mobilizaand (to a great extent) clothing, to fixed regulations. The man completes his 39th year, i.e., for the most part, six tion, minor states have concluded military conventions with Prussia, years. Men who serve three years with the colours only and their contingents are administered by its War Ministry. By pass three years in the 1st ban of the landwehr. Dur- the law of 25th March 1899 the army was to be raised from the ing their period of reserve service, men are liable to two 1st October 1899 onwards to a strength of 495,500 lance-corporals privates, which figure was to be attained in 1903, and at this trainings of eight weeks each, though the vast bulk only and strength it was to remain till 31st March 1904. It is divided into do one of fourteen days, and during their service in the the following units, the figures in brackets showing those actually 1st ban of the landwehr to two trainings of eight to existing after the new formations of 1st October 1899 were comfourteen days, the bulk being, however, only called out pleted :—Infantry, 625 (624) battalions; cavalry, including mounted 482 (472) squadrons ; field artillery, 574 (541) batteries ; foot once for fourteen days. The men of the 2nd ban of the rifles, artillery, 38 (37) battalions ; pioneers, 26 (24) battalions ; comlandwehr are liable neither to training nor to periodical munications troops, 11 (10) battalions ; train, 23 (22) battalions. control musters. To the landsturm belong all males The infantry consists of 175 regiments of 3 battalions, 41 regiments liable to service, and not otherwise belonging to the of 2 battalions, and 18 rifle battalions. Each battalion has 4 army or navy, from their seventeenth to their forty-fifth companies. A number of those on the frontiers have an establishof 640 non-commissioned officers and men, the remainder year ; its 1st ban comprising those of thirty-nine years ment have one of 570 only. The infantry is armed with magazine rifles and under, its 2nd the others. Its men are not trained in of 8 millimetres’ calibre, loaded by packets of 5 cartridges at a time, and bayonets. In marching order, each man carries 120 rounds of peace. Volunteers are taken, from among men who have com- ammunition and his share of a portable tent equipment. The consists of 93 regiments of 5 squadrons each, of which 14 pleted their seventeenth year, to serve for three years in cavalry are heavy, 25 medium (lancers), and 54 light (dragoons and the cavalry and horse artillery, and for two years in hussars). A regiment has 681 non-commissioned officers and men, the other arms. These men may choose their own regi- and 667 horses, but those on the frontiers are slightly stronger. ments ; so that volunteering is preferred by men who The armament of all cavalry consists of steel-shafted lances (for both ranks), carbines of the same construction as the infantry either desire to make the army a profession, or, for private rifle, and swords. The mounted rifles consisted in 1900 of 7 reasons, wish to complete their active service earlier, or squadrons, and 10 more were to be raised. Each has 133 nonhave a fancy for a particular regiment. A special category commissioned officers and men, and 132 horses. They are armed is formed by the one-year volunteers, who must pass a high with swords and revolvers, and are used as orderlies, scouts, &c., attached to various staffs. The field artillery, consisting in educational test or have gone through certain classes in and 1900 of 85 regiments, was to attain its full strength of 94 regiments the schools. These receive no pay, clothe and equip in 1901, each regiment having 6 batteries in 2 brigade divisions of themselves, and in the mounted branches find their own 3 batteries each. In 6 regiments (one of these brigade divisions), horses, in consideration of which they only serve one year and in 2 other regiments, one of the 6 batteries is of horse artillery. actively. They are supernumerary to the establishment, Eleven of the regiments have each an extra brigade division of 2 artillery batteries, which, on mobilization, would join the cavalry and their number is unlimited. Both categories of horse divisions. In each army corps (see below) one brigade division of volunteers pass into the reserve, (fee., with men of their one of the regiments consists of 3 field howitzer batteries. About onethird of the field batteries are on a higher establishment of 115 nonown age recruited compulsorily. commissioned officers and men, 60 horses, and 6 guns (there are 12 Recruiting is managed by committees of officers and civil batteries on a still higher establishment) ; the remainder having officials in each recruiting (landwehr) district. These draw up 102 men, 44 horses, and 4 guns horsed. The horse batteries for lists, decide on exemptions allowed by law, and conduct the the cavalry divisions have 121 non-commissioned officers and men, medical examinations. All men passed as liable and fit draw lots 120 horses, 6 guns, and 2 waggons horsed ; the others, 92 men, 76 for numbers, and the lowest numbers are taken up to the con- horses, and 4 guns. The guns are of 1896 pattern, nickel-steel quick-loaders of 7'7 cm. calibre, and the howitzers of 1898 pattern tingent required. No substitution is allowed. Non-commissioned officers (corporals and above) are obtained of 10’5 cm. calibre. Both fire shrapnel shell and shell filled with from two classes—(a) from the two- or three-year volunteers high explosives. A battalion of foot artillery has 4 companies, with mentioned above, or (&) from the non-commissioned officers’ 595 non-commissioned officers and men. Two (in 2 cases 3) schools, which youths of seventeen to twenty years of age volun- battalions form a regiment. This arm is trained for siege and inland 660