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 ARKANSAS

0 ITY —A R LIN G T O N

personal property, $62,936,142; total, $189,999,050. The rate of taxation for state purposes was 2 j mills for general revenue, 2 mills for common schools, 1 mill for sinking fund, and ^ of a mill for pensions; total, 5^ mills. The constitution limits taxation by the state to 10 mills, and by counties for county purposes to 5 mills. The statutes limit taxation for city purposes to 5 mills, and for schools to 5 mills. The annual general expenses of the state government average about $500,000. The total revenue from all sources in 1897 was $2,229,682. The growth in population is shown by the following table :— Year. Whites". Total.1 1870 362,115 122,169 484,471 1880 591,531 802,525 210,666 818,752 1890 1,128,179 309,117 1900 944,580 1,311,436 366,856 The increase for the last decade of the 19th century was 16"25 per cent. The total land surface is approximately 53,045 square miles, and the average number of persons to the square mile was, therefore, 24"73 in 1900, as compared with 21 "27 ten years earlier. Of the cities or towns in the state nineteen had in 1900 a population in excess of 2000, and five in excess of 5000. These five were Little Rock with 38,307, Fort Smith with 11,587, Pine Bluff with 11,496, Hot Springs with 9973, and Helena with 5550. The blacks are confined to the eastern part of the state; slavery never penetrated the mountainous portion, and the conditions there more nearly resemble those of Missouri than of the Gulf States. The common school "system is well developed; the number of school-houses in 1898 was 4926 ; the value of school properties was $2,294,396. The scholastic population in 1898 was 336,168 whites and 129,397 blacks; total, 465,565. The total enrolment in 1898 was 224,247 whites and 79,561 blacks; total, 303,808. The state supports an agricultural and industrial university at Fayetteville. A number of sectarian and private colleges and academies have been established. In 1898 there were in all eight institutions for higher education, all coeducational ; the students, including those in the preparatory departments, numbered 1072 men and 564 women; the teachers, 78 men and 30 women. There were 22,708 volumes in the libraries. The state supports a lunatic asylum, a blind school, and a deaf mute institute at Little Rock. In 1900 there were 7 national banks, with a capital of $1,070,000; 104 state banks, with a capital and surplus of $3,855,761 ; 6 private banks, with a capital and surplus of $196,291 ; and 2 loan and trust companies, with capital and surplus of $79,000. There were 3791 church edifices, and the church property was valued at $3,266,663. The communicants or members numbered 296,208, of whom 128,724 were Baptists, 123,316 Methodists, 18,022 Presbyterians, and 14,385 Disciples of Christ. After the Reconstruction Act of 1867, all offices, state and county, fell into the hands of “carpet-baggers,” who inaugurated a reign of force and corruption. The native whites, practically disfranchised, fell under a rule of strangers, based on a suffrage conferred on their former slaves. In political self-defence, they res loaded with force and with frauds against the ballot. Secret societies were formed, such as the Ku Klux Klan on the one side, and the Brothers of Freedom on the other. The reconstruction governor organized a militia and declared martial law in several counties, but this only aggravated the mischief. In 1873, the “regular” Republicans elected Elisha Baxter as governor over 1

Including Indians and Chinese.

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Joseph Brooks, the nominee of the reform Republicans. The Democrats had no candidate, hut supported Brooks. Governor Baxter, by an honest and just conduct of the administration, soon alienated the affections of the “regular” Republicans who had elected him. Deserting him, they joined Brooks in a legal contest for the office. The Republican Court, in which the contest was filed on 15th April 1874, entered judgment for Brooks in the absence of Baxter and without notice. Brooks in person, accompanied by a guard, went to the State House, ousted Baxter, and entrenched himself there. The Democrats, espousing Baxter’s cause, flew to arms. The turmoil that followed is known as tl e Brooks-Baxter War. The matter was referred to the President, and the attorney-general delivered an opinion favourable to Baxter. On 15th May the President issued a proclamation declaring him entitled to the office, and ordering the Brooks forces to disperse. Since then, the state has been in the hands of the Democrat party. (e. E. B.) Arkansas City, a city of Cowley county, Kansas, U.S.A., situated in 37° 04' N. lat. and 97° 03' W. long., near the southern boundary of the state, on the north bank of the Arkansas, at an altitude of 1073 feet. Its site is a level bottom land, and its streets are laid out according to a regular plan. It is a supply point for a rich agricultural region and is entered by four lines of railway, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe ; the Missouri Pacific ; the St Louis and San Francisco; and the Kansas South-Western railways. Population (1900), 6140. Arkhangelsk, or Archangel, a government of N. Russia, on the Arctic Ocean. Area, 331,505 sq. miles. Population (1897), 347,589. The peninsula of Kola, as also the islands Kolguev, Vaigach, and Novaya Zemlya, belong to it. In 1899, 170,540 acres were under cereals. Forests cover nearly one-half of the total area, and provide hunting, as well as an opportunity for various important industries connected with wood (timber, pitch, and tar, etc.). Cattle-breeding is at a low stage; but there were in 1897, 42,600 horses, 105,760 cattle, and 125,000 sheep, and the race of Kholmogory cows is kept in high repute. The coasting trade between the town of Arkhangelsk and the Murman or Norman coast and St Petersburg has lately been on the increase, but the value of foreign exports has declined (<£1,234,390 in 1874, and £833,823 in 1898 ; imports, £130,000). Archangel is divided into ten districts, of which the chief towns are—Arkhangelsk (population, 20,933 in 1897), now connected by a railway (525 miles) with Yaroslavl; Kem (1825); Kola (615); Kholmogory (1465); Mezen (2040); Onega, (2700) ; Ust Tzylma, in Pechora district; Pinega (1000); and Shenkursk (1308). A new military harbour has been established on the Murman coast at Alexandrovsk, in the unfreezing Ekaterininskaya Bay. ArklOW, a maritime town in the county of Wicklow, Ireland, 50 miles south of Dublin by rail. In 1882 an Act was passed providing for the improvement of the harbour and for the appointment of harbour commissioners. The town hall and the new Protestant church (1899) were both the gift of the Earl of Carysfort. Cordite works have recently been established. The number of vessels registered in the fishing district in 1898 was 170, employing 808 men and boys. Population, 4172. Arlingrton, (1) a town of Middlesex county, in eastern Massachusetts, U.S.A., traversed by the Boston and Maine railway; known until 1867 as West Cambridge. Population (1900), 8603. (2) A soldiers’ cemetery under the control of the U.S. Government, situated in northern Virginia, in Alexandria county, on the bluffs of the south bank of the Potomac, opposite the city of Washington. Sixteen thousand victims of the Civil War, among them numerous prominent officers, including General Sheridan, are buried here.