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 ARIZONA

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species of oak, most of them evergreen. At higher Indian reservations in 1899, 81 per cent, was irrigated levels junipers, cedars, and cypress appear and give place land; the total increase of irrigated land from 1890 to in the region of snow to firs and pines which crown the 1900 was 119,575 acres. In 1899 there were 1492 miles summits of most of the mountain ranges, attaining their of irrigation ditches, the construction cost of which was greatest development and commercial importance on the $4,408,158. The raising of ostriches for their feathers is Colorado plateau. This is known as the Coconino Forest, successful. The production of copper increased from 17,398 tons in and is one of the most extensive forest areas in the United States, a large part of which has been reserved 1890 to 55,412 tons in 1898, and over 76,000 tons in by the Government. The trees are mostly the yellow 1899. The chief centres of production are Bisbee, Jerome, pine {Pinus ponderosa), and its varietal forms, the most Clifton, and Globe. Several gold-mines are worked to a widely disseminated and most abundant tree of the interior great depth. The production of gold and silver, chiefly forest area, and practically the only tree of commercial gold, was approximately $4,500,000 in value for 1899. importance for lumber. It is estimated that the total Wolframite, an ore of tungsten, occurs in quantity and quantity of pine lumber fit for sawing within the limits has been successfully worked. There are also valuable of Arizona is not less than 8,000,000,000 feet B.M. The ores of molybdenum and vanadium. Quarries of onyx principal lumber mills are at Flagstaff and Williams in marble have been opened, and some fine gems of peridot, garnet, and turquoise have been found. Coconino county. Two transcontinental systems of railways, the Southern The manufactures are few and of comparatively small value, excepting lumber. A large flouring mill has been Pacific and the Santa Fe Pacific, traverse the state from erected at Tucson, and there are also extensive railway east to west, and are connected from north to south by repair shops, a foundry, and mining machinery plant. At several lines. There are in all 999’5 miles of railway, Phoenix onyx marble is cut and polished by machinery and with an assessed valuation of $4,189,075.20 on which Indian labour. The Navajo and the Moqui Indians make taxes are paid, and 454 miles of road exempt from taxation for a term of years. A standard gauge railway woollen blankets and rugs, and the Pimas baskets. There are four chief regions of valleys of great fertility has been laid from Williams to the Grand Canon. On 1st July 1899 the county and city funded indebtedespecially adapted to agriculture : the Salt Piver Aralley, the Upper Gila and its tributaries, the Lower Gila and ness was $1,634,027.57, and the bonded debt of the Territhe Colorado, and the Santa Cruz. The Salt Piver tory $1,04F,972.43. There are five national banks with Valley has one of the largest known tracts of irrigable an aggregate capital of $400,000, deposits $2,194,773 ; land in one body, estimated at 1,500,000 acres. Numer- and seven territorial banks, capital $219,700, deposits ous irrigating canals have partly redeemed it from the $1,364,475. According to the census of 1890 the population was desert-like condition to which it relapsed after the disappearance of the ancient Aztec population. It is a 59,620. In 1900 it was 122,212, showing an increase region of beautiful farms, gardens, and orchards. Alfalfa, for the decade of 62,592, or lOI^ per cent. The increase the staple forage and hay crop, thrives luxuriantly, and was due in part to the fact that there were 28,623 as many as five cuttings a year are possible. In 1898 Indians or other persons on Indian reservations in 1890, some 35,000 cattle, fattened on alfalfa, were shipped but not included in the general population as shown by from this valley. Corn, wheat, and barley are grown, the census bulletins. The average number of persons per but the region is chiefly celebrated for its early crops of square mile was U0 in 1900, as compared with OA in citrus fruits, grapes, figs, dates, pomegranates, and olives. 1890. The three principal cities, Phoenix (the capital), The date-palm flourishes. The most desirable varieties Tucson, and Prescott, have respectively 5544, 7531, and have been introduced. Considerable promise attends the 3559 inhabitants. The Indian population in 1890 was cultivation of the sugar-beet and the experiments upon 58,540. In 1899 the number enrolled at the five Governcanaigre as a source of tannin. Excluding farms of ment agencies and under instruction was 39,744. Many Indians, there were in 1900, 4040 farms, containing friendly Papagoes in Papagueria are not included. Of 1,891,985 acres (of which 12 per cent, were improved the total 20,500 are upon the Navajo reservations, and land), valued, with improvements, at $13,088,550. Over 2641 at the Hopi Pueblo. The Territorial prison, located 72 per cent, of the total farm acreage in the territory and at Yuma, had in 1898, 214 male prisoners. The public-school system was established in 1871, and nearly 20 per cent, of the value of farm property were credited to 71 farms of 1000 acres or more each. In 1899 is modelled after that of California. There are primary, there were 2052 farms devoted principally to producing grammar, and high schools, and two normal schools, one at hay and grain, and 2343 to live stock. The average value Tempe in Maricopa county and one at Flagstaff. In 1900 of all farms in the territory was $5148, and of products in there were 373 teachers, 251 women and 122 men, of 1899 not fed to live stock, per farm, $1064. In 1900 whom 120 were graduates of normal schools; the total there were on farms and ranges 7,042,635 neat cattle, number of enrolled students was 15,898, and the average 125,063 horses, 4077 mules, 4625 asses, 861,761 sheep, daily attendance 9396. The total expenditure for the 18,103 swine, and 98,403 goats. Of the neat cattle nearly school year ending 30th June 1899 was $238,741. The 98 per cent, and of the sheep nearly 100 per cent, were Territorial University, including the School of Mines and pastured wholly or in part upon the public domain. The the laboratories of the Agricultural Experiment Station, value of all live stock was $15,458,717, or 15-7 per cent, was established at Tucson in 1885 and was opened in of the total capital invested in agriculture. It has been October 1891. It has about 20 professors and instructors, estimated that Arizona is capable of maintaining 8,000,000 and from 140 to 150 students. It is well equipped for head of cattle, but in the past an overstocking of the ranges instruction and investigation, and is sustained chiefly by has caused much loss and suffering, and the almost total the Morrill and Hatch funds amounting to about $45,000 eradication of the fine native grasses over extended areas. annually. A school for Indians at Phoenix, and one at The total value of all farm crops in 1899 was $2,474,296, San Carlos, are sustained by the United States. One at of which the hay and forage crops amounted to $1,361,422. Tucson, with an average of 150 boys and girls, is> supThe total value of all farm products, including animals ported by the Presbyterian Home Mission. There are 53 sold or slaughtered for food ($3,204,758), was $6,997,097. or more newspapers; 11 daily and 42 weekly, including Of the total improved land (227,890 acres) outside of 3 published in Spanish. There is an important and well*